VERB: verb
Definition
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words typically denoting events and actions, constituting a minimal predicate in a clause, governing the number and types of dependents which may occur in the clause. In Italian verbs are associated with the following grammatical categories: tense, mood and voice, which can either be expressed inflectionally or using auxilliary verbs or particles.
Note that the VERB tag covers main verbs (content verbs) and copulas but it does not cover auxiliary verbs, for which the AUX tag is used.
Participles used as adjectives are classified as ADJ.
Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags
V: Main verb
Examples
- correre “run”, mangiare “eat”
- corse, mangiò
- correndo, mangiando
- è stata mangiata
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
There are 2184 VERB lemmas (11%), 7964 VERB types (27%) and 28612 VERB tokens (10%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: essere, avere, fare, vedere, dire, trovare, chiamare, andare, dare, tenere
The 10 most frequent VERB types: è, sono, ha, era, essere, hanno, fare, fatto, far, trova
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: essere (VERB 3985, AUX 3599, NOUN 15, PROPN 2, CONJ 1), avere (AUX 2137, VERB 844, PROPN 1), fare (VERB 827, AUX 8, ADV 1), andare (VERB 189, AUX 33, PROPN 3), scrivere (VERB 139, ADJ 1), sapere (VERB 126, AUX 4), parlare (VERB 125, ADJ 1), prevedere (VERB 106, NOUN 1), venire (AUX 383, VERB 83), continuare (VERB 80, ADJ 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: è (VERB 1990, AUX 1431, PROPN 2), sono (VERB 598, AUX 574), ha (AUX 1057, VERB 344), era (VERB 226, AUX 140, NOUN 7), essere (AUX 324, VERB 168), hanno (AUX 432, VERB 155), fatto (VERB 142, NOUN 74, AUX 1), far (VERB 138, AUX 1), stato (AUX 218, VERB 118, NOUN 95), visto (VERB 110, NOUN 5)
- è
- sono
- ha
- era
- essere
- hanno
- fatto
- far
- stato
- visto
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 3.646520 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.488836).
The 1st highest number of forms (39) was observed with the lemma “essere”: E`, E’, e’, era, erano, eravamo, eravate, ero, essendo, esser, essere, fosse, fossero, fossi, fossimo, fu, furono, sarai, saranno, sarebbe, sarebbero, sarei, saremmo, saremo, sarà, sarò, sei, sia, siamo, siano, siete, sii, sono, stata, state, stati, stato, É, è.
The 2nd highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “avere”: Avremo, abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, avendo, avente, aventi, aver, avere, avesse, avete, aveva, avevamo, avevano, avevo, avranno, avrebbe, avrebbero, avrei, avreste, avrete, avrà, avrò, avuta, avuto, ebbe, ebbero, ha, hai, hanno, ho.
The 3rd highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “fare”: Farei, Fat, fa, faccia, facciamo, facciano, facciate, faccio, facendo, facente, facenti, facesse, facessero, faceva, facevano, fai, fanno, far, faranno, fare, farebbe, faremo, farà, farò, fate, fatta, fatte, fatti, fatto, fece, fecero.
VERB occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (28612; 100% instances), it-feat/Tense (22181; 78% instances), it-feat/Number (22178; 78% instances), it-feat/Mood (13263; 46% instances), it-feat/Person (13262; 46% instances), it-feat/Gender (8553; 30% instances)
VERB occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Imp, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Ger, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part
VERB occurs with 55 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (6301 tokens).
Examples: è, ha, trova, fa, chiama, dice, significa, vede, sembra, parla
Relations
VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 20 different relations: it-dep/root (9736; 34% instances), it-dep/advcl (3474; 12% instances), it-dep/acl (3426; 12% instances), it-dep/cop (3030; 11% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (2965; 10% instances), it-dep/conj (2679; 9% instances), it-dep/xcomp (1277; 4% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1235; 4% instances), it-dep/parataxis (321; 1% instances), it-dep/csubj (302; 1% instances), it-dep/nmod (118; 0% instances), it-dep/csubjpass (18; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj (15; 0% instances), it-dep/dobj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (5; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (2; 0% instances), it-dep/advmod (1; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (1; 0% instances), it-dep/auxpass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/case (1; 0% instances)
Parents of VERB nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: ROOT (9736; 34% instances), VERB (7979; 28% instances), NOUN (7016; 25% instances), ADJ (1873; 7% instances), PRON (1325; 5% instances), PROPN (468; 2% instances), ADV (120; 0% instances), NUM (45; 0% instances), CONJ (10; 0% instances), X (9; 0% instances), AUX (7; 0% instances), DET (5; 0% instances), INTJ (5; 0% instances), SCONJ (5; 0% instances), PUNCT (4; 0% instances), SYM (3; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances)
3777 (13%) VERB nodes are leaves.
3213 (11%) VERB nodes have one child.
4533 (16%) VERB nodes have two children.
17089 (60%) VERB nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a VERB node is 16.
Children of VERB nodes are attached using 35 different relations: it-dep/nmod (16096; 18% instances), it-dep/punct (15377; 17% instances), it-dep/nsubj (10136; 11% instances), it-dep/dobj (9990; 11% instances), it-dep/mark (5693; 6% instances), it-dep/aux (5625; 6% instances), it-dep/advmod (4714; 5% instances), it-dep/advcl (2953; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (2618; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (2516; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (2268; 3% instances), it-dep/auxpass (2196; 2% instances), it-dep/xcomp (2119; 2% instances), it-dep/expl (2084; 2% instances), it-dep/neg (1465; 2% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1312; 1% instances), it-dep/nummod (664; 1% instances), it-dep/iobj (659; 1% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (413; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (376; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (241; 0% instances), it-dep/amod (160; 0% instances), it-dep/det (157; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (125; 0% instances), it-dep/case (122; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (82; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (39; 0% instances), it-dep/cop (34; 0% instances), it-dep/csubjpass (21; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (18; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (10; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (10; 0% instances), it-dep/det:poss (4; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (3; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (1; 0% instances)
Children of VERB nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (28941; 32% instances), PUNCT (15377; 17% instances), PRON (9190; 10% instances), VERB (7979; 9% instances), AUX (7820; 9% instances), ADV (6357; 7% instances), PROPN (3934; 4% instances), ADP (3295; 4% instances), CONJ (2503; 3% instances), SCONJ (2432; 3% instances), NUM (1098; 1% instances), ADJ (1095; 1% instances), DET (162; 0% instances), SYM (52; 0% instances), INTJ (38; 0% instances), X (28; 0% instances)
VERB in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]