AUX: auxiliary verb
Definition
Italian auxiliary verbs can be divided into:
- tense auxiliaries, used to form compound tenses represented by avere “to have” and essere “to be”;
- passive auxiliaries, used to form passive verb forms represented by essere “to be” and venire lit. “to come”.
Following the UD guidelines, Italian modal verbs are handled as modal auxiliaries (e.g. potere “can”, dovere “must”).
Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags
VA: Auxiliary verb
VM: Modal verb
Examples
- Tense auxiliaries: ha fatto “he has done”, è arrivato “he has arrived”, sarà finito “it will be finished”
- Passive auxiliaries: fu distrutto “it was destroyed”, è stato comprato “it has been bought”
- Modal auxiliaries: dovrebbe fare “he should do”, può avere successo “he can have success”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
There are 10 AUX lemmas (0%), 183 AUX types (1%) and 8082 AUX tokens (3%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 15 in number of lemmas, 7 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: essere, avere, potere, dovere, venire, volere, stare, andare, fare, sapere
The 10 most frequent AUX types: è, ha, sono, può, hanno, essere, stato, deve, possono, era
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: essere (VERB 3985, AUX 3599, NOUN 15, PROPN 2, CONJ 1), avere (AUX 2137, VERB 844, PROPN 1), potere (AUX 1101, NOUN 65, VERB 8), dovere (AUX 538, VERB 60, NOUN 20), venire (AUX 383, VERB 83), volere (AUX 169, VERB 68, NOUN 1), stare (AUX 110, VERB 68), andare (VERB 189, AUX 33, PROPN 3), fare (VERB 827, AUX 8, ADV 1), sapere (VERB 126, AUX 4)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: è (VERB 1990, AUX 1431, PROPN 2), ha (AUX 1057, VERB 344), sono (VERB 598, AUX 574), può (AUX 479, VERB 3), hanno (AUX 432, VERB 155), essere (AUX 324, VERB 168), stato (AUX 218, VERB 118, NOUN 95), deve (AUX 197, VERB 3), era (VERB 226, AUX 140, NOUN 7), viene (AUX 120, VERB 22)
- è
- ha
- sono
- può
- hanno
- essere
- stato
- deve
- era
- viene
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 18.300000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.488836).
The 1st highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “avere”: abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, abbiate, avendo, aver, avere, avesse, avessero, avessi, avete, aveva, avevamo, avevano, avevate, avevo, avrai, avranno, avrebbe, avrebbero, avrei, avremmo, avremo, avrete, avrà, avrò, ha, hai, han, hanno, ho.
The 2nd highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “essere”: E’, Fui, era, erano, eravamo, ero, essendo, esser, essere, fosse, fossero, fossi, fu, furono, saranno, sarebbe, sarebbero, saremmo, sarà, sei, sia, siamo, siano, siete, son, sono, stata, state, stati, stato, è.
The 3rd highest number of forms (30) was observed with the lemma “potere”: possa, possano, possiamo, posso, possono, potendo, poter, poterono, potesse, potessero, potessimo, potete, poteva, potevamo, potevano, potrai, potranno, potrebbe, potrebbero, potrei, potremmo, potremo, potresti, potrà, potuta, potuti, potuto, potè, puoi, può.
AUX occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (8082; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (7582; 94% instances), it-feat/Tense (7582; 94% instances), it-feat/Mood (7006; 87% instances), it-feat/Person (7006; 87% instances), it-feat/Gender (576; 7% instances)
AUX occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Imp, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Ger, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part
AUX occurs with 43 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (3500 tokens).
Examples: è, ha, può, deve, viene, sta, vuole, va, vuol, E’
Relations
AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 5 different relations: it-dep/aux (5864; 73% instances), it-dep/auxpass (2209; 27% instances), it-dep/root (4; 0% instances), it-dep/conj (3; 0% instances), it-dep/cop (2; 0% instances)
Parents of AUX nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (7820; 97% instances), NOUN (108; 1% instances), ADJ (103; 1% instances), PRON (26; 0% instances), AUX (8; 0% instances), PROPN (8; 0% instances), ROOT (4; 0% instances), ADV (3; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
7993 (99%) AUX nodes are leaves.
74 (1%) AUX nodes have one child.
4 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.
11 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a AUX node is 5.
Children of AUX nodes are attached using 17 different relations: it-dep/punct (42; 34% instances), it-dep/nmod (14; 11% instances), it-dep/nsubj (11; 9% instances), it-dep/advmod (7; 6% instances), it-dep/neg (7; 6% instances), it-dep/expl (6; 5% instances), it-dep/aux (5; 4% instances), it-dep/cc (5; 4% instances), it-dep/conj (5; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (5; 4% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (5; 4% instances), it-dep/advcl (4; 3% instances), it-dep/iobj (3; 2% instances), it-dep/dobj (2; 2% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1; 1% instances), it-dep/nummod (1; 1% instances), it-dep/vocative (1; 1% instances)
Children of AUX nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: PUNCT (42; 34% instances), NOUN (21; 17% instances), PRON (20; 16% instances), ADV (14; 11% instances), AUX (8; 6% instances), VERB (7; 6% instances), CONJ (5; 4% instances), PROPN (5; 4% instances), ADJ (1; 1% instances), NUM (1; 1% instances)
AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]