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expl:impers: expletive impersonal

The relation expl:impers is a sub-class of expl, specific for the impersonal use of the clitic pronoun si. We can have an impersonal construction for every verb (transitive or intransitive) when the role of subject is played by the clitic itself, as an undefined subject.

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Si prevede che viaggerà .
expl:impers(prevede, Si)
{
    "text": "Si prevede che viaggerà . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 24, 25 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "expl:impers", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

If there’s a clitic in a construction with a modal or an auxiliary verb, than generally it is an impersonal construction.

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Si può procedere a sequestro .
expl:impers(procedere, Si)
{
    "text": "Si può procedere a sequestro . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 19, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 29, 30 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "expl:impers", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

In the construction with both ci and si (construction of the impersonal ci), the first clitic is marked as expl, while si as expl:impers, as follows.

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E' stata quello che ci si attendeva .
expl:impers(attendeva, si)
expl(attendeva, ci)
{
    "text": "E' stata quello che ci si attendeva . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 20, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 26, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 36, 37 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "expl:impers", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "expl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

This relation is a language-specific subtype of expl. There are also 1 other language-specific subtypes of expl: expl:pass.

420 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as expl:impers.

395 instances of expl:impers (94%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 1.4547619047619.

The following 4 pairs of parts of speech are connected with expl:impers: VERB-PRON (413; 98% instances), AUX-PRON (5; 1% instances), ADJ-PRON (1; 0% instances), ADP-PRON (1; 0% instances).

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# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 6 expl:impers	color:blue
1	È	essere	AUX	VA	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	stata	essere	VERB	V	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	cop	_	_
3	quello	quello	PRON	PD	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	0	root	_	_
4	che	che	PRON	PR	PronType=Rel	7	dobj	_	_
5	ci	ci	PRON	PC	PronType=Clit	7	expl	_	_
6	si	si	PRON	PC	Person=3|PronType=Clit	7	expl:impers	_	_
7	attendeva	attendere	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	FC	_	3	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T1", "AUX", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 2, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T3", "PRON", [ [ 8, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T4", "PRON", [ [ 15, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "PRON", [ [ 19, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T6", "PRON", [ [ 22, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T7", "VERB", [ [ 25, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-T8", "PUNCT", [ [ 35, 36 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-4-S1-A1", "Mood", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A3", "Person", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "3" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A4", "Tense", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A5", "VerbForm", "embedded-4-S1-T1", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A6", "Gender", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A7", "Number", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A8", "Tense", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "Past" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A9", "VerbForm", "embedded-4-S1-T2", "Part" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A10", "Gender", "embedded-4-S1-T3", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A11", "Number", "embedded-4-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A12", "PronType", "embedded-4-S1-T3", "Dem" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A13", "PronType", "embedded-4-S1-T4", "Rel" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A14", "PronType", "embedded-4-S1-T5", "Clit" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A15", "Person", "embedded-4-S1-T6", "3" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A16", "PronType", "embedded-4-S1-T6", "Clit" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A17", "Mood", "embedded-4-S1-T7", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A18", "Number", "embedded-4-S1-T7", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A19", "Person", "embedded-4-S1-T7", "3" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A20", "Tense", "embedded-4-S1-T7", "Imp" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-A21", "VerbForm", "embedded-4-S1-T7", "Fin" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R0", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R2", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R3", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R4", "expl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R5", "expl:impers", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R6", "acl:relcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-S1-R7", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-S1-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-4-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: essere" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VA" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: essere" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: V" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: quello" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PD" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: che" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PR" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ci" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PC" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: si" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PC" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: attendere" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: V" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: :" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: FC" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-4-S1-T6", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T6", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T7", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-4-S1-T7", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-4-S1-T7", "embedded-4-S1-T6", "expl:impers" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ],
    "text": "È stata quello che ci si attendeva :",
    "error": false
}

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# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 2 expl:impers	color:blue
1	Cosa	cosa	PRON	PQ	Number=Sing|PronType=Int	4	dobj	_	_
2	si	si	PRON	PC	Person=3|PronType=Clit	3	expl:impers	_	_
3	può	potere	AUX	VM	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	trovare	trovare	VERB	V	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	ADP	E	_	8	case	_	_
6	il	il	DET	RD	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	FB	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Chester	Chester	PROPN	SP	_	4	nmod	_	_
9	Beatty	Beatty	PROPN	SP	_	8	name	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	FB	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	FS	_	4	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T1", "PRON", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "PRON", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "AUX", [ [ 8, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T4", "VERB", [ [ 12, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T5", "ADP", [ [ 20, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T6", "DET", [ [ 22, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T7", "PUNCT", [ [ 25, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T8", "PROPN", [ [ 27, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T9", "PROPN", [ [ 35, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T10", "PUNCT", [ [ 42, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T11", "PUNCT", [ [ 44, 45 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-5-S1-A1", "Number", "embedded-5-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A2", "PronType", "embedded-5-S1-T1", "Int" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A3", "Person", "embedded-5-S1-T2", "3" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A4", "PronType", "embedded-5-S1-T2", "Clit" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A5", "Mood", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A6", "Number", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A7", "Person", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "3" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A8", "Tense", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A9", "VerbForm", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A10", "VerbForm", "embedded-5-S1-T4", "Inf" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A11", "Definite", "embedded-5-S1-T6", "Def" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A12", "Gender", "embedded-5-S1-T6", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A13", "Number", "embedded-5-S1-T6", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A14", "PronType", "embedded-5-S1-T6", "Art" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R0", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R1", "expl:impers", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R2", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R4", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R5", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R6", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R7", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R8", "name", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T9" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R9", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T10" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R10", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T11" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-5-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: cosa" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PQ" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: si" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PC" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: potere" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VM" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: trovare" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: V" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: a" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: E" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: il" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: RD" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: \"" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: FB" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: Chester" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: SP" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: Beatty" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: SP" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T10", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: \"" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T10", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: FB" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T10", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T11", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ?" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T11", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: FS" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "embedded-5-S1-T2", "expl:impers" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ],
    "text": "Cosa si può trovare a il \" Chester Beatty \" ?",
    "error": false
}

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# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10	fgColor:white
# visual-style 10 8 expl:impers	color:blue
1	In	in	ADP	E	_	3	case	_	_
2	i	il	DET	RD	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	discorsi	discorso	NOUN	S	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
4	e	e	CONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	E	_	7	case	_	_
6	i	il	DET	RD	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	saggi	saggio	NOUN	S	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
8	si	si	PRON	PC	Person=3|PronType=Clit	10	expl:impers	_	_
9	è	essere	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	soliti	solito	ADJ	A	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
11	ridur	ridurre	VERB	V	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
12	lo	lo	PRON	PC	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Clit	11	dobj	_	_
13	ormai	ormai	ADV	B	_	11	advmod	_	_
14	a	a	ADP	E	_	17	case	_	_
15	una	uno	DET	RI	Definite=Ind|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	sola	solo	ADJ	A	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	17	amod	_	_
17	parola	parola	NOUN	S	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	FS	_	10	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "ADP", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "DET", [ [ 3, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "NOUN", [ [ 5, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "CONJ", [ [ 14, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "ADP", [ [ 16, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "DET", [ [ 19, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "NOUN", [ [ 21, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T8", "PRON", [ [ 27, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T9", "VERB", [ [ 30, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T10", "ADJ", [ [ 32, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T11", "VERB", [ [ 39, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T12", "PRON", [ [ 45, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T13", "ADV", [ [ 48, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T14", "ADP", [ [ 54, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T15", "DET", [ [ 56, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T16", "ADJ", [ [ 60, 64 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T17", "NOUN", [ [ 65, 71 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T18", "PUNCT", [ [ 72, 73 ] ] ]
    ],
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    "sentlabels": [ "6" ],
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    "error": false
}

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