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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. In Italian, there are only prepositions.

Italian prepositions can take the form of fixed multi-word expressions, such as invece di “instead of”, a causa di “because of”, davanti a “in front of”. The component words are then still tagged according to their basic use (i.e. a is ADP, causa is NOUN, di is ADP) and their status as a multi-word expression is accounted for at the level of syntactic annotation. See mwe for more details on the representation of multi-word expressions.

Italian prepositions are also used for introducing non-finite clausal complements, as in Maria ha deciso di partire “Mary decided to leave” or Maria è andata a congratularsi con loro “Mary went to congratulate them”.

Italian distinguishes between simple and articulated prepositions: note however that to comply with the UD Tokenization guidelines the latter are systematically splitted into the following sequence of part-of-speech tags, ADP and DET (e.g. nello “in the” is splitted into in ADP lo DET).

Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags

E: Preposition

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

There are 83 ADP lemmas (0%), 93 ADP types (0%) and 44545 ADP tokens (15%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 9 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, tra, dopo

The 10 most frequent ADP types: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, ad, tra

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: di (ADP 19130, DET 72, PROPN 4, NOUN 1), a (ADP 7523, NOUN 10, X 8, PROPN 3, DET 3, ADV 2, CONJ 1), in (ADP 6389, X 2, PROPN 1), da (ADP 3168, DET 1), per (ADP 2901, PROPN 1), su (ADP 1237, ADV 13), come (ADP 490, ADV 244, SCONJ 182, CONJ 3, PRON 1, VERB 1), dopo (ADP 237, ADV 46, SCONJ 33, NOUN 1), senza (ADP 221, SCONJ 2, ADV 1), secondo (ADP 161, ADJ 109, NOUN 13, PRON 10)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: di (ADP 18625, PROPN 4), a (ADP 6766, NOUN 10, X 8, PROPN 2, ADV 2), in (ADP 5548, X 2, PROPN 1), da (ADP 2966, DET 1), su (ADP 1183, ADV 13), come (ADP 467, SCONJ 153, ADV 68, CONJ 3, PRON 1), ad (ADP 439, NOUN 3, X 3, PROPN 1), dopo (ADP 179, ADV 45, SCONJ 25, NOUN 1), senza (ADP 205, SCONJ 2, ADV 1), secondo (ADP 109, ADJ 62, PRON 8, NOUN 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.120482 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.488836).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “di”: ad, d’, de, des, di, d’.

The 2nd highest number of forms (3) was observed with the lemma “a”: a, ad, alla.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “circa”: ca, circa.

ADP occurs with 2 features: it-feat/Gender (4; 0% instances), it-feat/Number (4; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 3 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Number=Sing

ADP occurs with 3 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (44541 tokens). Examples: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, ad, tra

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 9 different relations: it-dep/case (40599; 91% instances), it-dep/mark (3188; 7% instances), it-dep/mwe (705; 2% instances), it-dep/nmod (26; 0% instances), it-dep/advmod (9; 0% instances), it-dep/cc (8; 0% instances), it-dep/conj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (4; 0% instances), it-dep/dobj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (31791; 71% instances), PROPN (5573; 13% instances), VERB (3295; 7% instances), PRON (1659; 4% instances), NUM (918; 2% instances), ADV (752; 2% instances), ADJ (250; 1% instances), ADP (197; 0% instances), SYM (57; 0% instances), SCONJ (35; 0% instances), X (17; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances)

44276 (99%) ADP nodes are leaves.

223 (1%) ADP nodes have one child.

13 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

33 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 5.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 11 different relations: it-dep/mwe (280; 74% instances), it-dep/det (29; 8% instances), it-dep/case (27; 7% instances), it-dep/nmod (24; 6% instances), it-dep/conj (6; 2% instances), it-dep/cc (5; 1% instances), it-dep/punct (3; 1% instances), it-dep/advmod (2; 1% instances), it-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (1; 0% instances), it-dep/name (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: ADP (197; 52% instances), ADV (62; 16% instances), DET (33; 9% instances), SCONJ (32; 8% instances), NOUN (31; 8% instances), PRON (9; 2% instances), CONJ (5; 1% instances), PUNCT (3; 1% instances), PROPN (2; 1% instances), SYM (2; 1% instances), VERB (2; 1% instances), ADJ (1; 0% instances)


ADP in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]