auxpass: passive auxiliary
A passive auxiliary (essere/venire) of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause which conveys information about the passive voice.
L' escursione era guidata da Castiglioni
auxpass(guidata, era)
Le norme sono determinate da leggi speciali
auxpass(determinate, sono)
Sometimes the verb essere to be can be substituted by other verbs that assume the same function, like andare (to go) and venire (to come).
Andare is used both to express a very strong need (see the first example below), or for passive progressive forms with an impersonal value.
I programmi vanno coordinati .
auxpass(vanno, coordinati)
Il documento è andato perduto .
auxpass(perduto, andato)
aux(perduto, è)
Venire is used as auxpass to clearly express the passive information when the main verb is ambiguous: some verbs, like lavare to wash, with essere as auxiliary might seem a description of a property rather than passice forms, while with venire the passive construction is evident (la finestra è lavata vs * la finestra viene lavata [da qualcuno]). Note in fact that *venire is only used for simple tenses, because in past tenses the passive action is expressed by the participle (see the next section for how to annotate it).
Quando venne costruito il Titanic ?
auxpass(costruito, venne)
Cosa viene prodotto da la Oracle ?
auxpass(prodotto, viene)
La sua immagine viene liquidata
auxpass(liquidata, viene)
Note that periphrastic tenses in passive constructions are marked as follows, by distinguishing between the passive auxiliary (i.e. that immediately preceding the verbal head) which is marked as auxpass and the tense auxiliaries (the preceding ones) which are marked as aux.
è stato trovato
auxpass(trovato, stato)
aux(trovato, è)
potrebbe essere stato trovato
auxpass(trovato, stato)
aux(trovato, essere)
aux(trovato, potrebbe)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
This relation is universal.
2210 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as auxpass.
2207 instances of auxpass (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.16244343891403.
The following 6 pairs of parts of speech are connected with auxpass: it-pos/VERB-it-pos/AUX (2195; 99% instances), it-pos/ADJ-it-pos/AUX (7; 0% instances), it-pos/NOUN-it-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), it-pos/PRON-it-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), it-pos/VERB-it-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), it-pos/X-it-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 6 auxpass color:blue
1 È essere VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 cop _ _
2 vero vero ADJ A Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT FF _ 2 punct _ _
4 tutti tutto PRON PI Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind 7 nsubjpass _ _
5 possiamo potere AUX VM Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _
6 essere essere AUX VA VerbForm=Inf 7 auxpass _ _
7 sostituiti sostituire VERB V Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 2 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT FS _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 5 auxpass color:blue
1 900 900 NUM N NumType=Card 0 root _ _
2 se se SCONJ CS _ 8 mark _ _
3 le il DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 4 det _ _
4 ricerche ricerca NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 8 nsubjpass _ _
5 sono essere AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 auxpass _ _
6 state essere VERB V Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 8 cop _ _
7 molto molto ADV B _ 8 advmod _ _
8 lunghe lungo ADJ A Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 1 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT FS _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 2 auxpass color:blue
1 Quando quando ADV B _ 3 advmod _ _
2 venne venire AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 auxpass _ _
3 fabbricato fabbricato NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
4 il il DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 6 det _ _
5 primo primo ADJ NO Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|NumType=Ord 6 amod _ _
6 asciugacapelli asciugacapelli NOUN S Gender=Masc 3 nsubjpass _ SpaceAfter=No
7 ? ? PUNCT FS _ 3 punct _ _
auxpass in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]