PRON
: pronoun
Definition
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
Specializations of pronouns correspond to different language specific PoS leading to different values for the PronType feature.
Correspondance between language specific PoS and PronTypes
- PC (clitic pronouns) → PronType=Clit
- PD (demonstrative pronouns) → PronType=Dem
- PE (personal pronouns) → PronType=Prs
- PI (indefinite pronouns) → PronType=Ind
-
PP (possessive pronouns) → PronType=Prs Poss=Yes - PQ (interrogative pronouns) → PronType=Int
- PR (relative pronouns) → PronType=Rel
Note: the PronType=Clit feature is specific for Italian.
Examples
- clitic pronouns: ci, si, vi, la, lo, gli, including reflexive pronouns
- demonstrative pronouns: questo, codesto, coloro, medesimo, quello, ciò as in Questo è strano “This is strange”
- personal pronouns: io, tu, te, lui, lei, egli, esso, noi, loro
- indefinite pronouns: uno, altri, qualcuno, qualcosa, ciascuno
- possessive pronouns: mio, suo, loro
- interrogative pronouns: chi, che, cosa, quanto, quale as in Cosa pensi? “What do you think?”
- relative pronouns: che, cui, quale as in Il film che ho visto. “The movie that I have seen”
- totality pronouns: tutti, tutto
- negative pronouns: nessuno, niente, nulla
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
There are 113 PRON
lemmas (1%), 172 PRON
types (1%) and 11257 PRON
tokens (4%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PRON
is: 8 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PRON
lemmas: si, che, lo, ci, chi, quello, cui, quale, ne, questo
The 10 most frequent PRON
types: si, che, chi, cui, ci, lo, ne, qual, quanto, mi
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: si (PRON 2407, PROPN 1), che (PRON 2306, SCONJ 1263, DET 251, ADP 33, CONJ 28), lo (PRON 592, DET 5, PROPN 4, X 2, NOUN 1), ci (PRON 545, ADV 23), quello (PRON 390, DET 144), cui (PRON 368, DET 41), quale (DET 514, PRON 312, ADP 20, ADV 5, SCONJ 2), questo (DET 739, PRON 228), tutto (DET 415, PRON 222, ADJ 12, ADV 10, NOUN 5), uno (DET 4549, PRON 215, NUM 42, ADJ 2, PROPN 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: che (PRON 2284, SCONJ 1255, DET 95, ADP 33, CONJ 28), cui (PRON 368, DET 41), ci (PRON 316, ADV 21), lo (DET 609, PRON 322), ne (PRON 264, ADP 5), qual (PRON 4, SCONJ 1), quanto (PRON 106, ADV 55, ADP 8, DET 3, SCONJ 2, CONJ 1), c’ (PRON 142, ADV 2), quale (DET 251, PRON 132, ADP 10, SCONJ 1), quello (PRON 142, DET 2)
- che
- PRON 2284: Tutti gli esseri umani sanno di poter essere più di ciò che sono .
- SCONJ 1255: ” Mi pare che siano proposte serie e condivisibili “ .
- DET 95: Di che cosa è fatto il Corian ?
- ADP 33: ” La cultura ha più che mai bisogno di il genio femminile “ .
- CONJ 28: Perciò i nuotatori devono essere resistenti oltre che veloci .
- cui
- ci
- lo
- ne
- qual
- quanto
- PRON 106: Una libertà che , a quanto pare , ha dato i suoi frutti :
- ADV 55: Chiedo che venga riesaminata tale decisione , in quanto non è così .
- ADP 8: si tratta di una spirale di metallo , alta quanto la facciata .
- DET 3: Per quanto tempo è stato a il potere in Corea di il Nord Kim Il Sung ?
- SCONJ 2: Articolo molto interessante , in quanto , disciplinando le forme di utilizzazione di un muro comune , deroga a i principi di gli artt. 1102 - 1108 .
- CONJ 1: Può altresì chiedere il risarcimento di i danni , tanto in i confronti di il terzo che ne abbia fatto uso senza il suo consenso , quanto in i confronti di il proprietario di il suolo che in malafede abbia autorizzato l’ uso [ 2043 ] .
- c’
- quale
- DET 251: In quale città è esplosa una lettera bomba ?
- PRON 132: A l’ età di 18 anni , sposò Anne Hathaway , con la quale ebbe 3 figli :
- ADP 10: Ciò , tuttavia , da isolano quale sono tengo a denunciare la scarsa attenzione prestata a la problematica di lo sviluppo insulare .
- SCONJ 1: Per il calcolo di il tasso annuo effettivo globale , si determina il costo totale di il credito a il consumatore quale è definito a l’ articolo 1 , paragrafo 2 , lettera d ) , escluse le spese seguenti :
- quello
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PRON
is 1.522124 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.488836).
The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “lo”: gli, l’, la, le, li, lo.
The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “il”: Gli, l’, le, lo, l’.
The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “poco”: po’, poche, pochi, pochissimi, poco.
PRON
occurs with 8 features: it-feat/PronType (11255; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (4944; 44% instances), it-feat/Person (4582; 41% instances), it-feat/Gender (3144; 28% instances), it-feat/Poss (33; 0% instances), it-feat/Definite (2; 0% instances), it-feat/Degree (2; 0% instances), it-feat/NumType (1; 0% instances)
PRON
occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Definite=Def
, Degree=Abs
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, NumType=Ord
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Person=1
, Person=2
, Person=3
, Poss=Yes
, PronType=Art
, PronType=Clit
, PronType=Dem
, PronType=Ind
, PronType=Int
, PronType=Ord
, PronType=Prs
, PronType=Rel
PRON
occurs with 70 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Rel
(2704 tokens).
Examples: che, cui, chi, quale, quanto, quali, dove, chiunque, quando, come
Relations
PRON
nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: it-dep/nsubj (2931; 26% instances), it-dep/expl (2097; 19% instances), it-dep/nmod (1850; 16% instances), it-dep/dobj (1600; 14% instances), it-dep/root (695; 6% instances), it-dep/iobj (680; 6% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (420; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (376; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (292; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (194; 2% instances), it-dep/appos (30; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (26; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (16; 0% instances), it-dep/advmod (15; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (13; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (3; 0% instances), it-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), it-dep/mark (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PRON
nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (9190; 82% instances), NOUN (753; 7% instances), ROOT (695; 6% instances), ADJ (350; 3% instances), PRON (137; 1% instances), PROPN (50; 0% instances), ADV (39; 0% instances), AUX (20; 0% instances), NUM (13; 0% instances), ADP (9; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)
7802 (69%) PRON
nodes are leaves.
1597 (14%) PRON
nodes have one child.
834 (7%) PRON
nodes have two children.
1024 (9%) PRON
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PRON
node is 11.
Children of PRON
nodes are attached using 29 different relations: it-dep/case (1685; 24% instances), it-dep/punct (1132; 16% instances), it-dep/cop (696; 10% instances), it-dep/det (679; 10% instances), it-dep/nsubj (670; 10% instances), it-dep/nmod (617; 9% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (459; 7% instances), it-dep/advmod (198; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (150; 2% instances), it-dep/amod (147; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (146; 2% instances), it-dep/acl (112; 2% instances), it-dep/advcl (63; 1% instances), it-dep/appos (47; 1% instances), it-dep/neg (28; 0% instances), it-dep/mark (27; 0% instances), it-dep/aux (25; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (18; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (6; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (5; 0% instances), it-dep/dobj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (3; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), it-dep/auxpass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)
Children of PRON
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: ADP (1659; 24% instances), VERB (1325; 19% instances), PUNCT (1132; 16% instances), NOUN (1052; 15% instances), DET (683; 10% instances), ADV (267; 4% instances), PROPN (253; 4% instances), ADJ (194; 3% instances), CONJ (150; 2% instances), PRON (137; 2% instances), NUM (29; 0% instances), AUX (26; 0% instances), SCONJ (22; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)
PRON in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]