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PRON: pronoun

Definition

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.

Specializations of pronouns correspond to different language specific PoS leading to different values for the PronType feature.

Correspondance between language specific PoS and PronTypes

Note: the PronType=Clit feature is specific for Italian.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

There are 113 PRON lemmas (1%), 172 PRON types (1%) and 11257 PRON tokens (4%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 8 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: si, che, lo, ci, chi, quello, cui, quale, ne, questo

The 10 most frequent PRON types: si, che, chi, cui, ci, lo, ne, qual, quanto, mi

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: si (PRON 2407, PROPN 1), che (PRON 2306, SCONJ 1263, DET 251, ADP 33, CONJ 28), lo (PRON 592, DET 5, PROPN 4, X 2, NOUN 1), ci (PRON 545, ADV 23), quello (PRON 390, DET 144), cui (PRON 368, DET 41), quale (DET 514, PRON 312, ADP 20, ADV 5, SCONJ 2), questo (DET 739, PRON 228), tutto (DET 415, PRON 222, ADJ 12, ADV 10, NOUN 5), uno (DET 4549, PRON 215, NUM 42, ADJ 2, PROPN 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: che (PRON 2284, SCONJ 1255, DET 95, ADP 33, CONJ 28), cui (PRON 368, DET 41), ci (PRON 316, ADV 21), lo (DET 609, PRON 322), ne (PRON 264, ADP 5), qual (PRON 4, SCONJ 1), quanto (PRON 106, ADV 55, ADP 8, DET 3, SCONJ 2, CONJ 1), c’ (PRON 142, ADV 2), quale (DET 251, PRON 132, ADP 10, SCONJ 1), quello (PRON 142, DET 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 1.522124 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.488836).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “lo”: gli, l’, la, le, li, lo.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “il”: Gli, l’, le, lo, l’.

The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “poco”: po’, poche, pochi, pochissimi, poco.

PRON occurs with 8 features: it-feat/PronType (11255; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (4944; 44% instances), it-feat/Person (4582; 41% instances), it-feat/Gender (3144; 28% instances), it-feat/Poss (33; 0% instances), it-feat/Definite (2; 0% instances), it-feat/Degree (2; 0% instances), it-feat/NumType (1; 0% instances)

PRON occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Definite=Def, Degree=Abs, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, NumType=Ord, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Poss=Yes, PronType=Art, PronType=Clit, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, PronType=Ord, PronType=Prs, PronType=Rel

PRON occurs with 70 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Rel (2704 tokens). Examples: che, cui, chi, quale, quanto, quali, dove, chiunque, quando, come

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: it-dep/nsubj (2931; 26% instances), it-dep/expl (2097; 19% instances), it-dep/nmod (1850; 16% instances), it-dep/dobj (1600; 14% instances), it-dep/root (695; 6% instances), it-dep/iobj (680; 6% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (420; 4% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (376; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (292; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (194; 2% instances), it-dep/appos (30; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (26; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (16; 0% instances), it-dep/advmod (15; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (13; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (3; 0% instances), it-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), it-dep/mark (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (9190; 82% instances), NOUN (753; 7% instances), ROOT (695; 6% instances), ADJ (350; 3% instances), PRON (137; 1% instances), PROPN (50; 0% instances), ADV (39; 0% instances), AUX (20; 0% instances), NUM (13; 0% instances), ADP (9; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

7802 (69%) PRON nodes are leaves.

1597 (14%) PRON nodes have one child.

834 (7%) PRON nodes have two children.

1024 (9%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 11.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 29 different relations: it-dep/case (1685; 24% instances), it-dep/punct (1132; 16% instances), it-dep/cop (696; 10% instances), it-dep/det (679; 10% instances), it-dep/nsubj (670; 10% instances), it-dep/nmod (617; 9% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (459; 7% instances), it-dep/advmod (198; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (150; 2% instances), it-dep/amod (147; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (146; 2% instances), it-dep/acl (112; 2% instances), it-dep/advcl (63; 1% instances), it-dep/appos (47; 1% instances), it-dep/neg (28; 0% instances), it-dep/mark (27; 0% instances), it-dep/aux (25; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (18; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (6; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (5; 0% instances), it-dep/dobj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (3; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), it-dep/auxpass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: ADP (1659; 24% instances), VERB (1325; 19% instances), PUNCT (1132; 16% instances), NOUN (1052; 15% instances), DET (683; 10% instances), ADV (267; 4% instances), PROPN (253; 4% instances), ADJ (194; 3% instances), CONJ (150; 2% instances), PRON (137; 2% instances), NUM (29; 0% instances), AUX (26; 0% instances), SCONJ (22; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)


PRON in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]