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PronType: pronominal type

This feature typically applies to pronouns, determiners, pronominal numerals (quantifiers) and pronominal adverbs.

Prs: personal or possessive personal pronoun or determiner

See also the Poss feature that distinguishes normal personal pronouns from possessives. Note that Prs also includes reflexive personal/possessive pronouns (see the Reflex feature).

Examples

• Personal pronouns: Uno di loro “One among them”, Per lui è utile “For him it’s useful”
• Possessive pronouns (Poss=Yes): La sua è migliore “Hers is better”, I suoi sono felici “Her/his [parents] are happy”
• Possessive determiners/adjectives (Poss=Yes): La sua scuola è migliore “Her/his school is better”, I loro amici “Their friends”.

Note: the category clitic pronouns includes cases such as: Si è trasformato “Has transformed itself” (reflexive), Ti ho dato “I have given you” (indirect object), Ora si cerca il colpevole “Now one/somebody searches for the culprit” (impersonal form), Lo vediamo spesso “We often see him/it”. These are not marked by the appropriate PronType.

Rcp: reciprocal pronoun

We do not seem to have cases of reciprocal pronouns in Italian.

Art: article

Article is a special case of determiner that bears the feature of definiteness.

Examples

• Definite articles (Definite=Def): La luna “The moon”, I regali di Natale “Christmas presents”
• Indefinite articles (Definite=Ind): Un amico “A friend”, Una sorpresa “A surprise”

Int: interrogative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

Note that possessive interrogative determiners (whose) can be distinguished by the Poss feature.

Examples:

• Interrogative pronouns: Chi è il presidente? “Who is the president?”
• Interrogative determiners: Che cosa faremo adesso? “What shall we do now?”, Quale libro hai letto? “Which book did you read?”

Note: for the time being we do not use the feature ProntType=Int interrogative pronouns such as dove “where” and quando “when” in sentences like Dov’ è Siena? “Where is Siena?”.

Rel: relative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

Examples:

• Relative pronouns: La strada che porta al mare “The road which leads to the sea”, Il libro che ho letto “The book that I read”.
• Relative determiners: Un autore sul cui futuro puoi scommettere “An author on whose future you can bet”.

Dem: demonstrative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

These are often parallel to interrogatives. Some tagsets might also distinguish a separate feature of distance (here / there; [es] aquí / ahí / allí).

Examples

• Demonstrative pronouns: Per questo sono ambiziosi “For this [reason] they are ambitious”.
• Demonstrative determiners: Parte di questo denaro “Part of this money”.

Note: Demonstrative adverbs such as qui “here” and là “there”, ora “now” e allora “then” are not marked with PronType=Dem.

Tot: total (collective) pronoun, determiner or adverb

Examples

We are not using PronType=Tot.

Neg: negative pronoun, determiner or adverb

Examples:

We distinguish only negative adverbs such as: non, nemmeno, _neppure.

Ind: indefinite pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

Examples

• Indefinite pronouns: uno “one”, tutti “everybody”, ognuno “each one”, chiunque “anybody”, qualcosa “something”, qualcuno “somebody”
• indefinite determiners: tutti “all”, qualche “some”, ogni “each”, alcuni “some”, diversi “several”

Exc: exclamative determiners. This value is language specific.

Examples

• che disastro “what a disaster”, che catastrofe “what a catastrophe”

Clit: clitic pronouns. This value is language specific.

Used for clitic pronouns, part of speech PRON/PC.

Examples

• mi viene in mente “it comes to my mind”
• capace di farl lo “capable to do it”
• si convincono “they convince themselves”
• ci sono troppi ostacoli “there are too many obstacles”

Predet: predeterminer. This value is language specific.

It is always used along with det:predet dependency relations.

Examples

• tutta la giornata “all day”
• tutti gli esseri umani “all human beings”
• entrambi i prigionieri “both prisoners”

Ord: ordinal pronouns. This value is language specific.

It is used to mark ordinal pronouns. Part of speech is PRON/NO. When ordinals are used as noun modifiers they are marked as [ADJ].

Examples

• Il primo sostiene che … “the first asserts that …
• Un quarto d’ora “a quarter of an hour”
• Valentina è quinta “Valentina is fifth”

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

This feature is universal but the values Clit, Exc, Ord, Predet are language-specific. It occurs with 11 different values: Art, Clit, Dem, Exc, Ind, Int, Neg, Ord, Predet, Prs, Rel.

60684 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of PronType. 364 types (1%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of PronType. 171 lemmas (1%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of PronType. The feature is used with 4 part-of-speech tags: it-pos/DET (47476; 16% instances), it-pos/PRON (11255; 4% instances), it-pos/ADV (1952; 1% instances), it-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances).

DET

47476 it-pos/DET tokens (100% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and PronType co-occurred: Definite=Def (37177; 78%), Number=Sing (34632; 73%).

DET tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Art (41742; 88% of non-empty PronType): il, la, i, l’, le, un, gli, una, lo, un’
• Clit (3; 0% of non-empty PronType): l’
• Dem (1053; 2% of non-empty PronType): questo, questa, questi, tale, queste, quest’, quel, tali, quella, tal
• Exc (5; 0% of non-empty PronType): che
• Ind (1540; 3% of non-empty PronType): ogni, alcuni, qualche, molti, più, qualsiasi, molte, diversi, alcune, alcuna
• Int (945; 2% of non-empty PronType): quale, che, quanti, quante, quali, quanta, quanto, Qual, quel
• Predet (327; 1% of non-empty PronType): tutti, tutte, tutta, tutto, entrambi, entrambe, ambedue, tutt’
• Prs (1819; 4% of non-empty PronType): sua, suo, loro, suoi, sue, proprio, nostra, mio, nostro, propria
• Rel (42; 0% of non-empty PronType): cui, quali
• EMPTY (72): tutti, tutto, tutte, l’, de, che, da, moltissime, tanti, tutta

Paradigm il	Art	Clit
Definite=Def	Il
Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	il, lo, l’, l', lu, i1
Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	i, gli, il
Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	la, l', l’, le, il
Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	le, l’
Definite=Def|Number=Sing	l', l’
Definite=Def|Number=Plur	l'
Number=Sing	l’
Number=Sing|Person=3		l’

PronType seems to be lexical feature of DET. 94% lemmas (80) occur only with one value of PronType.

PRON

11255 it-pos/PRON tokens (100% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and PronType co-occurred: Gender=EMPTY (8113; 72%), Person=EMPTY (6673; 59%), Number=EMPTY (6313; 56%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Art (2; 0% of non-empty PronType): le
• Clit (4586; 41% of non-empty PronType): si, ci, ne, lo, c’, mi, la, li, gli, vi
• Dem (813; 7% of non-empty PronType): quello, questo, ciò, quella, quelli, quelle, questa, questi, coloro, queste
• Ind (1019; 9% of non-empty PronType): uno, tutto, tutti, altri, una, altro, più, nessuno, molti, nulla
• Int (894; 8% of non-empty PronType): chi, qual, cosa, quanto, cos’, che, quale, quanti, Quali, Quante
• Ord (133; 1% of non-empty PronType): terzo, primo, quarto, terzi, ultimo, prima, primi, secondo, ultima, quinto
• Prs (738; 7% of non-empty PronType): lui, noi, loro, io, lei, essa, egli, essi, esso, esse
• Rel (3070; 27% of non-empty PronType): che, cui, chi, quale, quanto, quali, dove, chiunque, quando, come
• EMPTY (2): mezzo, prima

Paradigm quanto	Int	Rel	Ind
_		quanto
Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	quanto	quanto	quanto
Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	quanti	quanti
Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	Quante
Number=Sing	quanto	quanto

ADV

1952 it-pos/ADV tokens (17% of all ADV tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

ADV tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Neg (1952; 100% of non-empty PronType): non, neppure, nemmeno, no, neanche, mica, nè, perniente
• EMPTY (9272): più, anche, dove, come, quando, solo, sempre, prima, poi, ancora

ADJ

1 it-pos/ADJ tokens (0% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and PronType co-occurred: Number=Sing (1; 100%), Gender=Fem (1; 100%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Prs (1; 100% of non-empty PronType): propria
• EMPTY (18678): primo, prima, nuovo, grande, altri, presente, altro, stesso, comune, italiana

Relations with Agreement in PronType

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in PronType: PRON –[conj]–> PRON (32; 78%), DET –[conj]–> DET (2; 67%), PRON –[expl]–> PRON (1; 100%).

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PronType in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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