Case: nominal case
This feature takes the following values:
| Values: | Acc | Nom |
These are traditionally referred to as direct case (nominative) and oblique case (accusative).
The enclitic pronouns are the only words that are marked for oblique case throughout the history of Middle (and New) Persian. Among orthotone personal pronouns, the 1st singular generalised the oblique form man, but the direct form an occurs from time to time.
Kinship terms used to have two case forms but those appear to be used interchangeably in the Zoroastrian Middle Persian corpus. Therefore, the generalised form is not annotated as marked for case but only the marked one.
Acc: Accusative, i.e. oblique case
This corresponds to all oblique cases including ergative subjects.
Examples:
- Case marking in the paradigm of personal pronouns:
-
orthotone enclitic (ACC) 1sg man (an NOM) =im 2sg tō =it 3sg ōy =š 1pl amāh =mān, =n 2pl ašmāh =tān 3pl awēšān =šān, =š
Nom: Nominative, i.e. direct case
This corresponds to the direct case, which is also used for the object in an ergative construction.
Examples:
- Case marking in the paradigm of kinship terms:
| “mother” | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
NOM |
mād | mādar |
ACC |
mādar | mādarān |
The oblique forms mādar, mādarān are generalised and not annotated as marked for case.
Case in other languages: [am] [apu] [arr] [axm] [bej] [bg] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [ga] [gn] [gor] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [ka] [kmr] [koi] [kpv] [ky] [mdf] [myu] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [uz] [xcl] [xmf] [yrk]