Case: case
| Values: | Gen | Nom | Npiv | Piv |
In Gorontalo, Case is a lexical feature of a token, and is used for inherently case-marked pronouns (PRON) and case-marking adpositions (ADP), which are attached to noun phrases to mark case.
Currently, in UD Gorontalo the Case feature is only used for alignment-marking case, such as
marking pivot and non-pivot.
Piv: pivot
In Gorontalo the pivot argument is the one with which the verb’s morphology must agree, and is the subject of the clause regardless of voice. A pivot marker is typically used to mark the pivot where the argument is a proper noun, but is usually otherwise left implicit since word order places the pivot before the verb. Pivot markers are of the form te (masculine) or ti (feminine).
Examples
- [gor] Ti Dewi lo-tubu uponula “Dewi cooked the fish.” (actor voice)
- [gor] Te Hasan pilohama li Dewi batade “Dewi took the goat from Hasan” (instrument voice)
- [gor] Te Pulu londo Limutu “Pulu is from Limboto.”
Npiv: non-pivot
The non-pivot argument(s) of a clause are those which are core participants in the clause argument structure but which are not in the pivot/subject role. As with pivot markers, non-pivot markers are usually used when the argument is a proper noun, while arguments are usually otherwise left unmarked.
Examples
- [gor] Uponula tilubu li Dewi lo bulonggo “(NPIV) Dewi cooked fish in the pan.” or “The pan was cooked fish in by Dewi”
Gen: genitive
Gen is used for non-pivot markers that are used to mark modifiers of other nominals.
Examples
- [gor] Te Pulu wutata li Ati “Pulu is the sibling of Ati.”
Nom: nominative
Nom is used for pivot markers in most symmetrical voice languages in UD. We prefer Piv as it is
more directly descriptive of symmetrical voice, but we document Nom here so that Piv may be
losslessly converted to it for compatibility.
Examples
- [gor] Ti Dewi lo-tubu uponula “Dewi cooked the fish.” (actor voice)
- [gor] Te Hasan pilohama li Dewi batade “Dewi took the goat from Hasan” (instrument voice)
- [gor] Te Pulu londo Limutu “Pulu is from Limboto.”
Case in other languages: [am] [apu] [arr] [axm] [bej] [bg] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [ga] [gn] [gor] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [ka] [kmr] [koi] [kpv] [ky] [mdf] [myu] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [oge] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [uz] [xcl] [xmf] [yrk]