Case: case
| Values: | Abe | Abl | Acc | Adp | Apr | AprEgr | AprEla | AprIll | AprIne | AprPrl | AprTer | AprTra | Cns | Com | Cmp | Dat | Egr | Ela | Gen | Ill | Ine | Ins | Loc | Nom | Prl | Prp | Ter | Tra |
Case is an inflectional feature for nouns, pronouns, adjectives
and numerals in Komi-Zyrian.
Komi-Zyrian has 25 inflectional cases.
Abe: abessive
The first abessive case (previously called caritive) corresponds to the English preposition without. Its primary range is the verbal predicate clause and should therefore be distinguished from the second abessive case <тӧм>, whose range lies in the noun phrase and non-verbal predication clause. In 'Modern Komi Language' (Ӧнія коми кыв, 2000) this case is defined in contrast to the comitative <-кӧд>, the instrumental <-ӧн> to mention but two concepts.
Examples
- [kpv] сьӧмтӧг “without money”
- [kpv] Он кисьмы некор шондіястӧг… “You never grow up without sunshine…”
The second abessive case is used primarily in the nominal phrase, but it also occurs in non-verbal predication. Like the first abessive, this case expresses the absence of the locus. The second abessive in <-тӧм> should be distinguished from the first abessive <-тӧг>, which has a verbal predicate clause range. Earlier in this project, this form has been refered to as PrivMod (privative modifier). The argumentation for the casehood of this morpheme lies in the fact that both the first and second abessive formatives can be symmetrically applied to complex noun phrases and noun phrases allowing for regular alternation in singular and plural values in the category of number.
Examples
- [kpv] кӧмтӧм “without a boot”
- [kpv] кӧмъястӧм “without boots”
Abl: ablative
The ablative case expresses possessor of object.
Examples
- [kpv] босьті ёртлысь небӧгсӧ “I took a friend’s book”
Acc: accusative
In Komi-Zyrian the specifically marked accusatives mark direct objects of verbs. This tends to be the marking of direct objects high in the hierarchies of identifiability and animacy.
Examples
- [kpv] ме тэнӧ нуӧда гортӧ “I will take you home”
- [kpv] аддза ёртӧс “I see my friend”
Adp: adpositional
The adpositional case indicates special form of third person pronouns with adpositions.
This is analogous to the PrepCase found in cs Pre prepositional case, which is realized in pronouns there.
Although the forms <сы> and <на> are standard, there are occasional instances of <сійӧ> and <найӧ> occuring before
adpositions.
Examples
- [kpv] сы вӧсна “for it”
Apr: approximative
The approximative case expresses general direction toward a place.
Examples
- [kpv] леччисны карлань “They went down towards town”
AprEgr: approximative egressive
The approximative egressive case expresses from the general vicinity of a place.
Examples
- [kpv] каисны карланьсянь “They came up from down towards town”
AprEla: approximative elative
The approximative elative case expresses departure from the general vicinity of a place.
Examples
- [kpv] кутшӧмкӧ важ йӧз волӧма Важкуръяланьысь “some old group of people had apparently come from the direction of Vazhkuria”
AprIll: approximative illative
The approximative illative case expresses approach to the general vicinity of a place.
Examples
- [kpv] инстинкт тшӧктӧ петны войвывланьӧ “instinct forces them to go on to the north”
AprIne: approximative inessive
The approximative inessive case expresses location in the general vicinity of a place.
Examples
- [kpv] Коми муын, Пермакланьын, оліс вӧрын… ён морт Пера “In the land of the Komi, in the vicinity of Permak, in the forest, there dwelt a great man Pera”
AprPrl: approximative prolative
The approximative prolative case expresses passing by the general vicinity of a place.
Examples
- [kpv] Тыдалӧ, асывланьтіыс мичаммӧ югыдкольквижӧн “You can see, along the eastern horizon it is becoming a beautiful light-yellow”
AprTer: approximative terminative
The approximative terminative case expresses reaching as far as the general vicinity of a place.
Examples
- [kpv] Веськӧдчис тӧдса вӧрланьӧдз “He came as far as the vicinity of the well-known forest”
AprTra: approximative transitive
The approximative transitive case expresses going through the general vicinity of a place.
Examples
- [kpv] Одыб сикт помланьӧд визувтысь Кирӧ шорсянь туй “The road from Kiro creek flowing along the end of Odyb village”
Cmp: comparative
The comparative case corresponds to the English than as a marker of the standard of comparison.
Examples
- [kpv] бӧрся “after”
Cns: consecultative
The consecultative case expresses acquisition, corresponding to the English preposition after.
Examples
- [kpv] петіс вала “he went out after water”
Com: comitative / associative
The comitative (also called associative) case corresponds to English “together with …”
Examples
- [kpv] понкӧд ветлыны “walk with a dog”
Dat: dative
The dative case expresses transfer to someone.
Examples
- [kpv] ёртлы сетны “give to a friend”
Egr: egressive
The egressive case expresses general locative source.
Examples
- [kpv] гортсянь “from home”
Ela: elative
The elative case expresses direction out of something.
Examples
- [kpv] гортысь петны “go out of the house”
Gen: genitive
Prototypical meaning of genitive is that the noun phrase somehow belongs to its governor; it would often be translated by the English preposition of. In Komi-Zyrian the genitive can be used to mark the possessor of a non-direct object.
Examples
- [kpv] Сыктывкар – Коми канмулӧн юркарыс. “Syktyvkar is the capital of the Komi Republic.”
Ill: illative
The illative case expresses direction into something.
Examples
- [kpv] гортӧ пырны “go into the house”
Ine: inessive
The inessive case expresses location inside of something.
Examples
- [kpv] гортын пукавны “sit at home”
Ins: instrumental
The instrumental case is affixed to the noun defining the entity used as an instrument to do something.
Examples
- [kpv] киӧн босьтны “take with a hand”
- [kpv] юрӧн ыджыдджык “taller by a head”
Loc: prepositional case
The Komi locative case has a adnominal range and traditionally is considered an derivational suffix for adjectives. It is productively applied to both singular and plural stems. The locative case in <са> should be distinguished from the inessive case in <ын>, which takes the predicative clause range.
The Russian prepositional case is used in Russian speech, and is accompanied by a Lang=Rus in Misc.
Examples
- [kpv] _грездса_ “that is in a hamlet”
-
[kpv] _грездъясса_ “that is in (the) hamlets”
- [kpv] в шоке “In shock” Lang=Rus
Nom: nominative / direct
The base form of the noun, typically used as citation form (lemma).
Examples
- [kpv] понйыс котралӧ “the dog is running”
Prl: prolative
The prolative case may indicate a pathway through a three-dimensional or a two-dimensional space in <ӧд>. In the central dialects it is often distinguished from the transitive.
Examples
- [kpv] туйӧд “along the road”
Prp: proprietive
The proprietive case is the ‘having’ case in <а>. It tends to be an adnominal case in range but may also occur in the predicative clause range.
Examples
- [kpv] гӧрд дӧрӧма ныв \n “girl that has a red shirt”
-
[kpv] гӧрд дӧрӧмъяса зон \n “boy that has red shirts”
- [kpv] ыджыд гӧрд дӧрӧма ныв \n “girl that has a big red shirt”
-
[kpv] ичӧт гӧрд дӧрӧмъяса зон \n “boy that has little red shirts”
- [kpv] ичӧт гӧрд дӧрӧмъяса зон \n “boy that has little red shirts”
-
[kpv] ичӧт гӧрд дӧрӧмъяса зонъяс \n “boys that has little red shirts”
-
[kpv] ичӧт гӧрд дӧрӧмъясаяс \n “[ones] that has little red shirts”
- [kpv] _И еджыд чериыс чукӧра олӧ, кульмыны жӧ лӧсьӧдчӧ да. \n “And the white fish lives in schools, which make spawning simpler, too.”
Ter: terminative / terminal allative
The terminative case specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish adlativo terminal).
Examples
- [kpv] юӧдз мунны “go as far as the river”; квайт часӧдз “till six o’clock”
Tra: transitive
The transitive case may indicate a point a path passes through in two-dimensional space. In the central dialects it is often distinguished from the prolative in nouns.
Examples
- [kpv] таті “this way”
Case in other languages: [am] [apu] [arr] [bej] [bg] [cs] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [ga] [gn] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [ka] [kmr] [koi] [kpv] [ky] [mdf] [myu] [myv] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj]