Case: case
| Values: | ¨¨Nom | Loc | Acc | Abl | Voc |
Case is an inflectional feature of nouns and infinitives and also of adjectives, participles, some pronouns and some numerals that agree with them. It is also valency feature of prepositions (saying that the preposition requires its argument to be in that case). There are five values of case: direct, locative, oblique, ablative and vocative.
Nom: direct
The direct case (tagged as nominative in UD) is the base form of declinable parts of speech. It serves as a lemma. It is used for subjects or objects except the cases described below for the oblique. It is used also for nominal parts of nominal predicates, non-prepositional nominal modifiers temporal ranges and in several other cases. <!–
- Other occurrences of the direct and oblique case are generally accompanied by an adposition, altghough various exceptions of nominals in the bare direct and oblique case, that are not a core argument, may exist:
- Temporal range (دوه ساعته خوب کوم dwa sâáta xob kawë́m “I sleep for two hours”).
- Nominal part of a light verb !!!
- Fixed phrases. TODO doplnit priklady –>
Examples
- (a) زلمی هلک zalmáy halë́k “young boy”
- (b) ړنده پېغله ṛandá péġla “blind girl”
- (c) نوي کورونه në́wi korúna “new houses”
- (d) سړی راځي saṛáy rấżi “the man comes”
- (e) سړی راځي saṛáy rấżi “the man comes”
Acc: oblique
The oblique case (tagged as accusative in UD) is used for all subjects of active transitive verbs in past tenses and for pronouns ما mâ “me” and تا tâ “you (sg)” in the object position in non-past tenses. It is also used also with many adpositions or in fixed phrases.
Singular formation from the direct case:
- Some masculine nouns and adjectives with zero ending, may take a stressed ۀ ë́ and/or undergo a vowel change in the preceding syllable.
- Masculine nouns and adjectives ending in ی ay/y change the ending to ي i.
- Feminine nouns and adjectives with zero ending take an unstressed ې e.
- Feminine nouns and adjectives ending in ه a change the ending to ې e.
- Other nouns and adjectives (both masculine and feminine) remain unchanged.
Plural formation from the direct case (for both masculine and feminine):
- Nouns and adjectives ending in a consonant take an unstressed و o.
- Nouns and adjectives ending in a vowel change the ending to و o (keeping the stress position).
- Moreover, masculine nouns ending in a stressed ۀ ë́ with a vowel ا â in the preceding syllable, change this vowel to a not written a.
Examples
- د زلمي هلک dë zalmí halë́k “of the young boy”
- د ړندې پېغلې dë ṛandé péġle “of the blind girl”
- د نوو کورونو dë në́wo korúno “of the new houses”
Loc: locative
The locative case is used with a few adpositions. It is often not considered a separate case, because it always shares the same form with either direct or oblique case.
Examples
Abl: ablative
The ablative case (called also oblique II) is used with a few prepositions with the meaning “from” or “out of”.
It almost always shares the form with the vocative, only masculine singular adjectives ending in the direct case in ی ay/y, change the ending to ي i as in the oblique, instead of یه aya/ya as in the vocative.
Examples
- له زلمي هلکه la zalmí halë́ka “from the young boy”
- له ړندې پېغلې la ṛandé péġle “from the blind girl”
- له نوو کورونو la në́wo korúno “from the new houses”
Voc: vocative
The vocative case is used to address someone.
Masculine singular nouns and adjectives ending in consonant take an unstressed ه a. Other nouns and adjectives (all masculine/feminine, singular/plural) share the form with the oblique.
Examples
- زلمیه هلکه، دلته راشه zalmáya halë́ka, dë́lta rấša “young boy, come here”
- ړندې پېغلې، دلته راشه ṛandé péġle, dë́lta rấša “blind girl, come here”
- نوو کورونو، دلته راشه në́wo korúno, dë́lta rấša “new houses, come here”
Case in other languages: [am] [apu] [arr] [bej] [bg] [cs] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [ga] [gn] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [ka] [kmr] [koi] [kpv] [ky] [mdf] [myu] [myv] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [uz] [xcl]