Case: case
Case helps specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence. Connections of nouns with nouns or other words in subordinate situations are called Cases. Cases determine the function of a noun in a sentence. For example, a noun in the nominative can be in most cases subject, noun-verb, and when it comes in the place of an adjective, it can be a determiner.
There are 6 Cases in the Uzbek language: Nom, Acc, Gen, Dat, Loc, Abl.
Nom: nominative / direct
The base form of the noun, typically used as citation form (lemma).
Examples
- Kitob(-) stol ustida “The book is on the table”
- Kitob(ni) o‘qidi “He/She reads book”
Acc: accusative
Typically, the accusative case in Uzbek marks the definite direct object in a sentence. Indefinite direct objects do not receive the accusative suffix, but stay in bare form
(Nom).
In Uzbek, Acc is expressed by suffix -ni, -in, -n, -i (in literature).
Examples
- Kitob(ni) o‘qiyapti “He/She is reading a book”
- Kitobni o‘qiyapti “He/She is reading the book”
Dat: dative
Dative case is typically used to indicate movement into/towards/to a place or time. The oblique arguments of some verbs and complements (noun phrases) of some postpositions also required to be in dative case. That is, a suffix that connects nouns with verbs in subordinate situations.
Sometimes (rarely) the suffix is hidden in the base form.
In the Uzbek language, the case dative (Dat) is expressed by the suffixes -ga, -ka, -qa, -a, -ga, -na. -ka is added to nouns ending in -k, and -qa to nouns ending in -q.
Examples
- Daftar(ga) yozdi “He/She wrote in the notebook” - (when a person and predmet are added to the complement)
- Maktab(ga) bordi “He/She went to the school” - (The locative case when added to locative nouns)
- Bilmaganiga o‘kindi “he/she regretted not knowing” - (Sabab holi, sabab bois ma’nolarini anglatgan hollarda)
- Toshkent
(ga)bordi “She/He went to Tashkent” - (Base hidden form)
Gen: genitive
Prototypical meaning of genitive is that the noun phrase somehow belongs to its governor; it would often be translated by the English preposition of. Complements of some postpositions are also required to be in genitive case. The genitive morpheme also marks the subject of the subordinate clauses. The conjunction connecting the noun with the subordinate noun sometimes comes in a null form. Usually in Uzbek, the indicative case is used when it represents a specific object. It comes in a null form when talking about an indefinite subject.
In the Uzbek language, the genitive(Gen) case has the forms -ning, -in, -n, -m, -im (in fiction).
Examples
- Kitob(ning) beti “The page of a book”
- Kitobning beti “The page of the book”
- Otin boshin burdi “He turned the head of his horse”
- O‘zbekiston - vatanim manim “Uzbekistan is my motherland”
Loc: locative
The locative case often expresses location in space or time, which gave it its name. The oblique arguments of some verbs and complements (noun phrases) also required to be in locative case.
In Uzbek, Loc is expressed by suffix -da.
Examples
- Daftarda bor “It exists in the notebook” - (Shaxs va narsa buyum otlariga qo’shilganda to‘ldiruvchi)
- Maktabda o‘qidi “He/She studied at school” - (O‘rin bildiruvchi otlarga qo‘shilganda o‘rin holi)
- Qishda keldi “He/She came in winter” - (Payt holi)
- Dehqon bo‘lsang kuz hayda “if you are a peasant, plow in autumn” - (Belgisiz qo‘llanilishi)
Abl: ablative
Prototypical meaning: direction from some point. The oblique arguments of some verbs and complements (noun phrases) of some postpositions also required to be in ablative case. A suffix/affix connecting nouns with verbs in subordinate siutations. Sometimes (rarely) the suffix is hidden in the base form. In Uzbek, Ablative case is expressed by the suffix -dan.
Examples
- Kitobdan o’qidim “I read from the book” - (Shaxs va narsa buyum otlariga qo’shilganda to‘ldiruvchi)
- Maktabdan chiqdi “He/She went outside the school” - (O‘rin bildiruvchi otlarga qo‘shilganda o‘rin holi)
- Qishdan beri aytaman “I have been saying this since winter” - (Payt holi)
- Bilmaganidan o‘kindi “he/she regretted not knowing” - (Sabab holi, sabab bois ma’nolarini anglatgan hollarda)
Case in other languages: [am] [apu] [arr] [bej] [bg] [cs] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [ga] [gn] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [ka] [kmr] [koi] [kpv] [ky] [mdf] [myu] [myv] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [uz] [xcl]