PART
: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Russian particles are not inflected.
Note that response words such as да “yes”, нет “no”, etc. are considered particles in the PDT tagset but they should be retagged as interjections under the UD standard.
Examples
- Sentence modality: пусть (“May you have an enjoyable stay!”)
- же “just, only”
- аж “as late as, even, up to” Use case: Мне сегодня аж пять писем пришло. “Today I have recieved even five letters”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
There are 27 PART
lemmas (0%), 27 PART
types (0%) and 919 PART
tokens (1%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 10 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 12 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: НЕ, ЖЕ, И, ТОЛЬКО, ЛИШЬ, ДАЖЕ, ЭТО, НИ, ИМЕННО, БЫ
The 10 most frequent PART
types: не, же, и, только, лишь, даже, это, ни, именно, бы
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: НЕ (PART 438, CONJ 2), И (CONJ 2260, PART 89, ADV 4, PROPN 2, NUM 1), ТОЛЬКО (PART 79, CONJ 1), ЭТО (PRON 147, PART 28), НИ (PART 23, CONJ 6), ИМЕННО (PART 18, ADV 2), БЫ (PART 10, ADV 1), ПРОСТО (PART 9, ADV 2), ЛИ (PART 6, PROPN 4), ВСЁ (PRON 24, ADV 13, PART 3)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: не (PART 424, CONJ 2), и (CONJ 2245, PART 89, ADV 3), только (PART 78, CONJ 1), это (PRON 55, PART 25, DET 23), ни (PART 21, CONJ 6), именно (PART 10, ADV 2), бы (PART 10, ADV 1), просто (PART 9, ADV 1), Да (CONJ 2, PART 2), все (DET 41, PRON 6, ADV 5, PART 2)
- не
- и
- CONJ 2245: О лечении и профилактике в статье неврит .
- PART 89: Кассандра , как и сестра , замуж так и не вышла .
- ADV 3: Основные произведения : Китаб - и - Агдас (
Наисвятая Книга '' , основной труд , в который включены современные религиозно - духовные законы ) , Китаб - <b>и</b> - Иган (
Книга несомненности '' , богословский трактат , разъясняющий символизм Библии и Корана ) ,Сокровенные Слова '' ( духовные наставления , сформулированные в виде коротких стихов ) , ряд писем и обращений , изданных в сборниках
Крупицы из Писаний Бахауллы '' и `` Скрижали Бахауллы , явленные после Китаб - и - Агдас '' .
- только
- это
- ни
- именно
- бы
- просто
- PART 9: При этом получатель мог просто отказаться получить доставленное письмо .
- ADV 1: В случае высказываний `` примеры этого понятия дают нам случаи , когда отдельные слова или утверждения в целом просто понимаются вне их нормальной функции : мы понимаем высказанные утверждения , вопросы , желания , но сами при этом не судим , не спрашиваем и не желаем '' .
- Да
- все
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.591757).
The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “ВСЁ”: все, всё.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “NO”: No.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “NON”: Non.
PART
does not occur with any features.
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 10 different relations: neg (434; 47% instances), discourse (370; 40% instances), mwe (36; 4% instances), advmod (29; 3% instances), cop (28; 3% instances), cc:preconj (12; 1% instances), goeswith (7; 1% instances), appos (1; 0% instances), conj (1; 0% instances), nsubj (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: VERB (385; 42% instances), NOUN (177; 19% instances), DET (80; 9% instances), ADJ (77; 8% instances), ADV (66; 7% instances), PRON (39; 4% instances), NUM (27; 3% instances), PART (19; 2% instances), CONJ (16; 2% instances), PROPN (16; 2% instances), AUX (7; 1% instances), ADP (4; 0% instances), SCONJ (3; 0% instances), SYM (2; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances)
888 (97%) PART
nodes are leaves.
27 (3%) PART
nodes have one child.
3 (0%) PART
nodes have two children.
1 (0%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 4.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 7 different relations: mwe (15; 41% instances), advmod (5; 14% instances), goeswith (5; 14% instances), neg (5; 14% instances), punct (4; 11% instances), discourse (2; 5% instances), nmod (1; 3% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: PART (19; 51% instances), ADV (10; 27% instances), PUNCT (6; 16% instances), DET (1; 3% instances), PROPN (1; 3% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
There are 102 PART
lemmas (0%), 110 PART
types (0%) and 33748 PART
tokens (3%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 9 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 9 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: не, и, же, только, бы, даже, вот, ли, лишь, это
The 10 most frequent PART
types: не, и, же, только, бы, даже, вот, ли, лишь, именно
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: не (PART 13474, VERB 27), и (CONJ 24088, PART 4409, X 3, PROPN 2), только (PART 2010, SCONJ 45), ли (PART 709, PROPN 3), это (NOUN 5199, PART 686, PROPN 13), просто (PART 615, ADV 35), ни (CONJ 491, PART 455, PROPN 37, NOUN 1), ведь (PART 427, SCONJ 109), все (NOUN 1697, PART 366, PROPN 6), да (PART 301, CONJ 295, PROPN 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: не (PART 12853, VERB 27), и (CONJ 21962, PART 4371, X 3), только (PART 1890, SCONJ 28), это (NOUN 2606, PART 663, DET 359, ADJ 31), просто (PART 577, ADJ 24, ADV 16), ни (CONJ 463, PART 419), ведь (PART 253, SCONJ 68), все (DET 907, NOUN 858, PART 337, ADJ 237), да (CONJ 180, PART 85), то (SCONJ 1106, NOUN 609, PART 222, DET 205, ADJ 33)
- не
- и
- только
- это
- просто
- ни
- ведь
- все
- да
- то
- SCONJ 1106: - Почему же ! - не то нападая , не то защищаясь , сказал отец .
- NOUN 609: ” Всё , всё , всё ! “ - радостно говорил он , обозначая то , что видел .
- PART 222: Знать - то мы , конечно , знаем .
- DET 205: В то же время 65 членов МОК высказались против включения альпинизма .
- ADJ 33: Мы будем в Москве почти в то же время , как_если_бы летели на том …
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.078431 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.665758).
The 1st highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “это”: этим, это, этого, этом.
The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “бы”: б, бы.
The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “все”: все, всё.
PART
does not occur with any features.
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 22 different relations: advmod (17028; 50% instances), neg (13474; 40% instances), aux (1369; 4% instances), cop (636; 2% instances), parataxis (474; 1% instances), mwe (258; 1% instances), root (246; 1% instances), appos (62; 0% instances), conj (52; 0% instances), dep (45; 0% instances), name (37; 0% instances), auxpass (20; 0% instances), nmod (17; 0% instances), nsubj (11; 0% instances), advcl (10; 0% instances), amod (3; 0% instances), acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances), expl (1; 0% instances), mark (1; 0% instances), nmod:agent (1; 0% instances), nsubjpass (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: VERB (14372; 43% instances), NOUN (6837; 20% instances), ADV (3788; 11% instances), ADJ (3434; 10% instances), PRON (1084; 3% instances), PART (1080; 3% instances), DET (1019; 3% instances), PROPN (556; 2% instances), CONJ (479; 1% instances), NUM (454; 1% instances), SCONJ (375; 1% instances), ROOT (246; 1% instances), SYM (18; 0% instances), X (4; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances)
30252 (90%) PART
nodes are leaves.
2987 (9%) PART
nodes have one child.
334 (1%) PART
nodes have two children.
175 (1%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 6.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 24 different relations: punct (1978; 46% instances), advmod (978; 23% instances), neg (669; 16% instances), nsubj (159; 4% instances), name (102; 2% instances), mwe (90; 2% instances), conj (79; 2% instances), parataxis (66; 2% instances), cc (55; 1% instances), amod (28; 1% instances), nmod (25; 1% instances), dep (13; 0% instances), mark (12; 0% instances), advcl (9; 0% instances), discourse (5; 0% instances), dobj (3; 0% instances), aux (2; 0% instances), cop (2; 0% instances), det (2; 0% instances), iobj (2; 0% instances), acl (1; 0% instances), acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), case (1; 0% instances), nsubjpass (1; 0% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: PUNCT (1978; 46% instances), PART (1080; 25% instances), ADV (654; 15% instances), NOUN (172; 4% instances), PROPN (93; 2% instances), VERB (82; 2% instances), SCONJ (72; 2% instances), PRON (48; 1% instances), CONJ (44; 1% instances), ADJ (38; 1% instances), ADP (12; 0% instances), INTJ (5; 0% instances), DET (2; 0% instances), NUM (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances)
PART in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]