PART
: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Czech particles are not inflected.
Note that response words such as ano, jo “yes”, ne “no”, etc. are considered particles in the PDT tagset but they should be retagged as interjections under the UD standard. Also note that ne can be used in two ways, one would be translated as English “no” and the other as “not”. Only the former should become interjection, while the latter will stay a particle.
Examples
- Sentence modality: ať, kéž, nechť (“Let’s do it!” “If only I could do it over.” “May you have an enjoyable stay!”)
- jen “just, only”
- až “only, as late as, even, up to” Use case: až po stovky tisíc let “up to hundreds of thousands of years”
- asi “about, roughly, maybe”
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
-
li “if”: This is an encliticized morpheme that functions as subordinating conjunction but it always immediately follows the predicate of the subordinate clause. For example: Nebude-li pršet, nezmoknem. lit. Will-not-if rain, we-will-not-get-wet. “We will not get wet if it does not rain.” PDT tags the li morpheme as particle and it is currently kept so in the UD conversion but it might be changed to
SCONJ
in the future releases. -
At present the UD-conversion of PDT keeps the PDT convention on tagging the response words (“yes, no”) as particles. Automatic conversion would not be straightforward because the negative particle ne is sometimes used as the response particle/interjection (English “no”) and sometimes as a free negative morpheme (English “not”). These two usages would have to be distinguished and only the first one converted to interjection.
References
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
There are 82 PART
lemmas (0%), 82 PART
types (0%) and 8165 PART
tokens (1%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 9 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel
The 10 most frequent PART
types: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: jen (PART 2412, NOUN 24), až (PART 1384, CONJ 639, SCONJ 139), li (PART 757, PROPN 7), nejen (PART 501, ADV 1), jenom (PART 210, ADV 1), ať (SCONJ 115, PART 73), pozor (PART 49, NOUN 26), ovšem (CONJ 626, PART 42), to (PART 33, ADP 12), co (PRON 1859, ADV 239, SCONJ 210, PART 21)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: jen (PART 2269, NOUN 2), až (PART 1295, CONJ 639, SCONJ 111), li (PART 757, PROPN 7), nejen (PART 472, ADV 1), jenom (PART 197, ADV 1), ať (SCONJ 95, PART 60), pozor (NOUN 18, PART 2), ovšem (CONJ 561, PART 42), to (PRON 5916, DET 101, PART 30, ADP 5), co (PRON 1187, ADV 233, SCONJ 207, PART 7)
- jen
- až
- li
- nejen
- jenom
- ať
- pozor
- ovšem
- to
- co
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.195930).
The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “not”: not, t.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “Achtung”: Achtung.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “L”: L.
PART
occurs with 3 features: cs-feat/Foreign (120; 1% instances), cs-feat/NameType (8; 0% instances), cs-feat/Abbr (3; 0% instances)
PART
occurs with 5 feature-value pairs: Abbr=Yes
, Foreign=Foreign
, NameType=Com
, NameType=Oth
, NameType=Sur
PART
occurs with 7 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(8040 tokens).
Examples: jen, až, asi, li, ne, nejen, prý, jenom, ano, bohužel
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 22 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (4979; 61% instances), cs-dep/advmod (991; 12% instances), cs-dep/mark (816; 10% instances), cs-dep/neg (353; 4% instances), cs-dep/cc (306; 4% instances), cs-dep/dep (184; 2% instances), cs-dep/conj (158; 2% instances), cs-dep/root (132; 2% instances), cs-dep/nmod (102; 1% instances), cs-dep/foreign (72; 1% instances), cs-dep/dobj (27; 0% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (10; 0% instances), cs-dep/case (9; 0% instances), cs-dep/appos (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), cs-dep/discourse (4; 0% instances), cs-dep/mwe (4; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/iobj (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/name (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: NOUN (3107; 38% instances), VERB (2170; 27% instances), NUM (914; 11% instances), ADV (788; 10% instances), ADJ (480; 6% instances), PRON (253; 3% instances), PROPN (175; 2% instances), ROOT (132; 2% instances), PART (59; 1% instances), DET (46; 1% instances), CONJ (21; 0% instances), SYM (15; 0% instances), INTJ (3; 0% instances), SCONJ (2; 0% instances)
7708 (94%) PART
nodes are leaves.
147 (2%) PART
nodes have one child.
133 (2%) PART
nodes have two children.
177 (2%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 10.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 22 different relations: cs-dep/punct (515; 46% instances), cs-dep/conj (173; 16% instances), cs-dep/cc (81; 7% instances), cs-dep/dep (49; 4% instances), cs-dep/mark (49; 4% instances), cs-dep/advmod:emph (35; 3% instances), cs-dep/mwe (33; 3% instances), cs-dep/foreign (29; 3% instances), cs-dep/nmod (25; 2% instances), cs-dep/case (23; 2% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (22; 2% instances), cs-dep/amod (21; 2% instances), cs-dep/advmod (11; 1% instances), cs-dep/cop (11; 1% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (9; 1% instances), cs-dep/aux (8; 1% instances), cs-dep/advcl (7; 1% instances), cs-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/dobj (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: PUNCT (515; 46% instances), NOUN (120; 11% instances), VERB (96; 9% instances), ADV (78; 7% instances), CONJ (68; 6% instances), PART (59; 5% instances), SCONJ (57; 5% instances), ADJ (40; 4% instances), ADP (30; 3% instances), PRON (22; 2% instances), PROPN (15; 1% instances), AUX (8; 1% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
There are 43 PART
lemmas (0%), 44 PART
types (0%) and 3161 PART
tokens (1%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 11 in number of lemmas, 12 in number of types and 15 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: jen, li, až, nejen, asi, ovšem, ne, jenom, ať, prý
The 10 most frequent PART
types: jen, li, až, nejen, asi, ovšem, ne, jenom, ať, prý
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: jen (PART 931, NOUN 1), li (PART 579, ADJ 1), až (PART 517, SCONJ 36, CONJ 6), ovšem (PART 211, ADV 14, CONJ 5), ať (SCONJ 43, PART 32), s (ADP 3842, PART 13), co (PRON 525, ADV 166, SCONJ 16, PART 3, ADJ 1), la (PART 2, ADJ 1), Le (ADJ 1, PART 1), copak (PRON 7, PART 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: jen (PART 873, NOUN 1), až (PART 502, SCONJ 32, CONJ 6), ovšem (PART 190, ADV 12, CONJ 5), ať (SCONJ 42, PART 27), s (ADP 3122, PART 13), to (PRON 1856, DET 39, PART 11), La (PART 3, ADJ 1), co (PRON 382, ADV 160, SCONJ 15, PART 1, ADJ 1), Copak (PRON 5, PART 1), fakt (NOUN 18, PART 1)
- jen
- až
- ovšem
- ať
- s
- to
- La
- PART 3: Proto se čtveřice Vláďa , Jiří , Věra a Dana mohla vydat přes kanál La * .
- ADJ 1: President Československé socialistické republiky propůjčil mistru sportu , nadpraporčíku Františku Venclovskému vyznamenání Za statečnost , za prokázanou osobní odvahu a příkladnou bojovnost při plavbě kanálem La Manche .
- co
- PRON 382: Tak co bude , mládenci .
- ADV 160: V naší době se musíme udržet co nejdéle mladé .
- SCONJ 15: Bude tomu měsíc , co narukovali .
- PART 1: Ale co , zatím jsem fejeton ještě stačil díky psacímu stroji napsat .
- ADJ 1: Usilují přitom o vypracování jakési ontologie společenskosti , která současně z druhé strany má reflektovat a zpřítomňovat společenský charakter ontologie tkvící již v samotné podstatě člověka definovaného jakožto zoon politikon , jemuž odpovídá , že lidská existence je současně a vždy také co - existence .
- Copak
- fakt
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.023256 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.206260).
The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “das”: das, des.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “Al”: Al.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “La”: La.
PART
occurs with 2 features: cs-feat/Foreign (14; 0% instances), cs-feat/NameType (4; 0% instances)
PART
occurs with 3 feature-value pairs: Foreign=Foreign
, NameType=Geo
, NameType=Oth
PART
occurs with 4 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(3147 tokens).
Examples: jen, li, až, nejen, asi, ovšem, ne, jenom, ať, prý
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 17 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (1471; 47% instances), cs-dep/mark (608; 19% instances), cs-dep/cc (447; 14% instances), cs-dep/advmod (304; 10% instances), cs-dep/case (130; 4% instances), cs-dep/neg (86; 3% instances), cs-dep/conj (33; 1% instances), cs-dep/dep (26; 1% instances), cs-dep/root (24; 1% instances), cs-dep/foreign (8; 0% instances), cs-dep/nmod (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/discourse (6; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), cs-dep/mwe (3; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/dobj (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (1107; 35% instances), VERB (951; 30% instances), NUM (349; 11% instances), ADV (242; 8% instances), ADJ (231; 7% instances), PRON (98; 3% instances), SYM (40; 1% instances), PROPN (39; 1% instances), DET (37; 1% instances), ROOT (24; 1% instances), SCONJ (19; 1% instances), PART (18; 1% instances), CONJ (6; 0% instances)
2955 (93%) PART
nodes are leaves.
164 (5%) PART
nodes have one child.
8 (0%) PART
nodes have two children.
34 (1%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 11.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 19 different relations: cs-dep/mwe (137; 41% instances), cs-dep/punct (68; 21% instances), cs-dep/cc (26; 8% instances), cs-dep/conj (18; 5% instances), cs-dep/advmod:emph (17; 5% instances), cs-dep/dep (12; 4% instances), cs-dep/cop (11; 3% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (11; 3% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (10; 3% instances), cs-dep/mark (5; 2% instances), cs-dep/advcl (3; 1% instances), cs-dep/advmod (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/aux (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/dobj (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/nmod (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/nummod (2; 1% instances), cs-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/case (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: ADP (130; 39% instances), PUNCT (68; 21% instances), VERB (33; 10% instances), ADV (24; 7% instances), NOUN (21; 6% instances), PART (18; 5% instances), CONJ (11; 3% instances), SCONJ (9; 3% instances), PRON (7; 2% instances), ADJ (4; 1% instances), NUM (4; 1% instances), AUX (2; 1% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
There are 6 PART
lemmas (0%), 6 PART
types (0%) and 75 PART
tokens (0%).
Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 13 in number of lemmas, 14 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: jen, až, netto, nikoli, brutto, ne
The 10 most frequent PART
types: jen, až, netto, nikoliv, brutto, ne
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: až (PART 30, SCONJ 7, CONJ 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: až (PART 30, SCONJ 7, CONJ 1)
- až
- PART 30: (5) Ustanovení §_52_a_53 se použijí až v účetním období začínajícím 1 . ledna 2004 a později .
- SCONJ 7: (6) Ustanovení odstavců 1 až 5 se nepoužijí při změně právní formy a přeshraničním přemístění sídla .
- CONJ 1: Účetní jednotka , která sestavuje výkaz zisku a ztráty v účelovém členění , není povinna dodržet členění v účtových skupinách 50 až 55 a 60 až 64 ; členění přizpůsobí výkazu s přihlédnutím k povinnosti uvedené v §_39_odst._8 .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.764161).
The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “až”: až.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “brutto”: brutto.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “jen”: jen.
PART
does not occur with any features.
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 6 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (54; 72% instances), cs-dep/cc (15; 20% instances), cs-dep/appos (3; 4% instances), cs-dep/neg (1; 1% instances), cs-dep/nmod (1; 1% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (1; 1% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: X (38; 51% instances), NOUN (27; 36% instances), NUM (6; 8% instances), ADV (3; 4% instances), ADJ (1; 1% instances)
71 (95%) PART
nodes are leaves.
0 (0%) PART
nodes have one child.
3 (4%) PART
nodes have two children.
1 (1%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 3.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 2 different relations: cs-dep/punct (8; 89% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (1; 11% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 2 different parts of speech: PUNCT (8; 89% instances), ADJ (1; 11% instances)
PART in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]