VerbForm: form of verb
| Values: | Fin | Part | Inf | Vnoun |
Verb form is an inflectional feature of verbs and verbal nouns.
It classifies the form to several most general types of verb forms.
The VerbForm feature occurs with verbs (VERB and AUX)
and in some cases also with nominals (NOUN and ADJ).
For overview of verb stems mentioned below see Pashto verbal system.
Fin: finite verb
The finite verb forms are those, which have Mood (see there for further categorization) feature specified. They may further inflect for all other verbal categories. Finite verb forms are the most frequent. Different finite forms are formed from all four verb stems using various endings.
Examples
Part: participle
Participles are words on the edge between verbs and adjectives, sharing properties of both. There are three types of participles in Pashto:
- active (1)
- passive (2) (only for transitive verbs)
- past (3, 4)
Like adjectives, all participles inflect for Case, Number and Gender.
The active and passive participles are together refered as present participles,
but they do not have the Tense=Pres feature marked.
They take the Voice feature with Act or Pass values.
The past participle takes the Tense=Past feature.
It has active meaning for intransitive verbs (3) and passive meaning for transitive verbs (4).
There is no participle with the past active meaning for transitive verbs.
The present participles are tagged with ADJ UPOS tag, because they are used only in typically adjectival positions. The past participles is tagged with VERB UPOS tag, because they are typically compound verb forms, although they may be used also in the adjectival positions.
Formation
- active participle (1): past imperfective stem + ending ونکی- -únkay
- passive participle (2): past imperfective stem + ending نی- -ánay
- past participle (3, 4): past imperfective stem + ending لی- -ë́lay
Use
The present participles are used in usually adjectival positions meaning that the referent expressed by the noun is
- (1) doing or
- (2) undergoing the action expressed by the verb from which the participle derived. The past participle may be also used in this way meaning that the referent has
- (3) has done or
- (4) has undergone the action.
The participles in the use case can either depend on the noun as attributes (amod relation for the present participles and acl relation for the past participle) or they can be the head of the clause in non-verbal clauses.
The active participle is in some cases nominalized and used as a noun,
but in that case is taggeed as NOUN and does not take the VerbForm=Part feature at all.
(e.g. لیکونکی likúnkay “writer”, lit. “the writing one”).
The past participle is mainly used for compound verb forms of perfect tenses, accompanied with auxiliary verb ول wël “to be” (with aux:perf relation) in finite forms. The transitive verbs in perfect tenses use the ergative construction, where the verb, including the past participle, agrees with the object, hence the participle has the passive meaning. (See also Tense for more information about the perfect tenses.)
Examples
- (present active, intransitive): تلونی tlúnkay “going”
- (present active, transitive): لیدونکی lidúnkay “seeing”
- (present passive, transitive): لیدنی lidánay “beeing seen”
- (past, intransitive): تللی tlë́lay “having come”
- (past, transitive): لیدلی lidë́lay “(having been) seen”
- (attributive usage): خوړونې ښځه xwaṛúnke x̌ë́ża “eating woman”
- (present perfect tense): ما کورونه لیدلي دي mâ korúna lidë́li di “I have seen the houses”
Inf: infinitive
Infinitives are non-finite verb form that share some properties with nouns. There are two infinitives according to their Aspect. The infinitve behaves like a plural noun and inflects for Case. Infinitive in the nominative case and imperfective aspect serves as the verbal lemma.
Use
- passive: infinitive + auxiliary verb کېدل kedë́l “to become” (with aux:pass relation)
- phasal: after the verbs like to begin, to cease etc.
- nominal: denoting the action expressed by the verb (similarly to the verbal noun, which it should not be confused with) Unlike in other languages, the infinitive is not used in modal constructions, where subjunctive or potential moods are used instead.
Formation
- imperfective infinitive: past imperfective stem + ending ل- -ë́l
- perfective infinitive: past perfective stem + ending ل- -ël That is the direct case of the infinitive. All other cases are formed by adding an additional ending و- o.
Examples
- imperfective: لیدل lidë́l “to see”
- perfective: ولیدل wë́lidël “to see”
- passive use: هلک لیدل کیږي halë́k lidë́l keǧí “the boy is seen”
- phasal use: ښځه لیکل پیل کوي x̌ë́ża likë́l payl kawí “the woman starts to write”
- nominal use: د څښلو اوبه dë cx̌ë́lo obë́ “drinking water” (lit. “of to_drink water”)
Vnoun: verbal noun
The verbal noun is a noun (tagged NOUN, not VERB) derived from the verb and denoting the action expressed by it. The verbal noun has a different ending than the infinitive, but its use is similar to the nominal use of the infinitive.
Formation
- past imperfective stem + ending نه- -ë́na The verb noun has the feminine gender and inflects only in singular as usual feminine nouns ending in ه a.
Examples
- verbal noun: پوهونه مهمه ده pohawë́na muhíma da “The education is important”
VerbForm in other languages: [ab] [abq] [akk] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cu] [cy] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gub] [gun] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [mdf] [myv] [orv] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]