VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
| Values: | Conv | Fin | Inf | Part |
Fin: finite verb
Rule of thumb: if it has non-empty Mood, it is finite. In Armenian this applies to conditional (also to its connegative form), indicative, imperative and subjunctive forms.
Examples
- կգնամ/kgnam “I will go”, կգնաս/kgnas “you will go”, կգնա/kgna “he/she/it will go”, կգնանք/kgnankʼ “we will go”, կգնաք/kgnakʼ “you will go”, կգնան/kgnan “they will go”,
- գիտեմ/gitem “I know”, գիտես/gites “you know”, գիտի/giti “he/she/it knows”, գիտենք/gitenkʼ “we know”, գիտեք/gitekʼ “you know”, գիտեն/giten “they know”,
- գնացի/gnacʼi “I went”, գնացիր/gnacʼir “you went”, գնաց/gnacʼ “he/she/it went”, գնացինք/gnacʼinkʼ “we went”, գնացիք/gnacʼikʼ “you went”, գնացին/gnacʼin “they went”,
- եմ/em “I am”, ես/es “you are”, է/ē “he/she/it is”, ենք/enkʼ “we are”, եք/ekʼ “you are”, են/en “they are”,
- գնա՛/gna՛, գնացե՛ք/gnacʼe՛kʼ “go!” (imperative in different numbers),
- գնամ/gnam “I go
Sub”, գնաս/gnas “you goSub”, գնա/gna “he/she/it goSub”, գնանք/gnankʼ “we goSub”, գնաք/gnakʼ “you goSub”, գնան/gnan “they goSub”
Inf: infinitive
Infinitive is the citation form of verbs. In Armenian, the infinitive is a non-finite verb form. It is used with the auxiliary տալ/tal to form periphrastic causative voice, and it can also function as an argument of other verbs. The infinitive shares properties of verbs and nouns. It inflects for Case, Definite, Number, Number[psor] and Person[psor].
Examples
- կանչել տվեց/kančel tvecʼ “He/She had [someone] call [someone]”,
- կարող ես շարունակել/karoġ es šarownakel “you can continue”,
- որոշեցի անմիջապես չասել/orošecʼi anmiǰapes časel “I decided not to say immediately”
- ապաքինվելու միջոց/apakʼinvelow miǰocʼ “lit: a means of being healed”,
- սովոր էր մենակ ծննդաբերելուն/sovor ēr menak çnndaberelown “lit: she was used to giving birth alone”,
- մտնելուց հետո/mtnelowcʼ heto “after entering”,
- վազելով եկավ/vazelov ekav “lit: he came running”,
- ճառելում նա հմուտ էր/č̣aṙelowm na hmowt ēr “lit: he was skilled in delivering speeches”
Part: participle, verbal adjective
Participles are non-finite verb forms that share properties of verbs and adjectives. In Armenian, some participles may be used to form complex tenses and can also be used adjectively. Nevertheless, they are always annotated as verb.
In Modern Armenian grammar, converbs and participles are not distinguished. Since the UD definition Part partially covers the use of converbs, we use the same label for both. We use converb only for the adverbial participle, e.g. վազելիս/vazelis “while running”, խաղալիս/xaġalis “while playing” (see below).
Note that the so-called negative participle is used to form negated periphrastic conditional forms. We mark them Connegative.
Armenian has seven types of participles:
- The resultative participle is used to form the indicative mood in present perfect resultative, imperfect in the past resultative and proper resultative tense. It can be also used adjectively and can be negated.
- The subject participle can be used only adjectively and can be negated.
- The imperfective participle is used to form the indicative mood in present or imperfect tense.
- The future-I participle is used to form the indicative mood in present prospective (future) or imperfect prospective (future-in-the-past) tense.
- The future-II (state of prospective action) participle can be used only adjectively and can be negated.
- The perfect participle is used to form the indicative mood in present perfect or imperfect-in-the-past (past perfect) tense.
- The processual (progressive) participle is used to form the indicative mood in present or imperfect tense for the verbs գալ/gal “to come”, լալ/lal “to cry”, տալ/tal “to give”.
Note that the processual (progressive), resultative and future-I participles can be used to form the secondary compound tenses (with the auxiliary լինել/linel in any tense or mood).
Note also that resultative, subject and future-II participles, that fall in the gray zone between adjectives and participles and can be also used adjectively, are marked Part too.
Participles will have Aspect, Voice and Subcat.
Examples
- քնած/kʼnaç “slept”, գրած/graç “written”, ուղարկված/owġarkvaç “sent”, կանգնեցված/kangnecʼvaç “raised” (resultative participle, in different voices),
- գրող/groġ “(smth.) writing”, մեռնող/meṙnoġ “dying”, տվող/tvoġ “giving”, եղող/eġoġ “beeing”, բացվող/bacʼvoġ “opening” (subject participle, in different voices),
- սիրում/sirowm “love”, խոսվում/xosvowm “(is) spoken about”, բարձրացվում/barjracʼvowm “(is) beeing raised” (imperfective participle, in different voices),
- տեսնելու/tesnelow “for seeing”, լվացվելու/lvacʼvelow “for washing”, մեղմացվելու/meġmacʼvelow “for beeing extenuated” (future-I participle, in different voices),
- կարդալիք/kardalikʼ “(smth.) to be read”, կառուցվելիք/kaṙowcʼvelikʼ “to be built” (future-II participle, in different voices),
- գնացել/gnacʼel “have gone”, խմել/xmel “have drunk”, դրել/drel “have put” (perfect participle, in different voices),
- գալիս եմ/էի/galis em/ēi “I am/was coming”, տալիս եմ/էի/talis em/ēi “I am/was giving”, լալիս եմ/էի/lalis em/ēi “I am/was crying”, աշխատելիս է եղել/ašxatelis ē eġel “he has been working” (processual participle in different moods and tenses)
Conv: converb, adverbial participle
The converb, also called the adverbial participle or transgressive, is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adverbs. It typically expresses a meaning such as “while doing”. In Armenian, we use VerbForm=Conv only for the adverbial participle.
In colloquial Armenian, the ablative and instrumental case forms of the infinitive can also be used in a converb-like function, e.g. կողքիցդ անցնելուց գլխիդ բամփել էր/koġkʼicʼd ancʼnelowcʼ glxid bampʼel ēr “he had smacked you on the head as he walked past you (while passing by you)”, or աչքերը սրբելով մոտենում էր/ačkʼerë srbelov motenowm ēr “he/she was approaching, wiping his/her eyes”. Since traditional Armenian grammar treats these forms as case-inflected infinitives rather than as distinct converb forms, we likewise analyze them as case forms of the infinitive (VerbForm=Inf). Their adverbial function is instead captured syntactically by the advcl relation.
Note that this does not apply to case forms of the infinitive used with adpositions. Such constructions are analyzed using the obl relation, e.g. լռելուց հետո ավելացրեց/lṙelowcʼ heto avelacʼrecʼ “After a pause (lit. after being silent), he/she added”.
Examples
- պարտականությունները կատարելիս “while carrying out (one’s) duties”,
- գրախանութ մտնելիս “when entering a bookstore”,
- փողոցով անցնելիս չեմ խաչակնքվում “I don’t cross myself when walking down the street”,
VerbForm in other languages: [ab] [abq] [akk] [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cu] [cy] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gub] [gun] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [mdf] [myv] [oge] [orv] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]