VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
| Values: | Conv | Fin | Inf | Part | Sup | Vnoun |
Even though the name of the feature seems to suggest that it is used
exclusively with verbs, it is not the case.
The Part value can be used also with adjectives.
It distinguishes participles from other verb forms,
and participial adjectives from other adjectives.
Fin: finite verb
Rule of thumb: if it has non-empty Mood, it is finite. In Czech this applies to indicative and imperative forms, and to the special conditional forms of the auxiliary verb být.
Examples
- nesu, neseš, nese, neseme, nesete, nesou “I carry, you carry, he/she/it carries, we carry, you carry, they carry”
- nes, nesme, neste “carry” (imperative in different persons and numbers)
- jsem, jsi, je, jsme, jste, jsou “I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are”
- budu, budeš, bude, budeme, budete, budou “I will be, you will be, he/she/it will be, we will be, you will be, they will be”
- bych, bys, by, bychom, byste, by “I would, you would, he/she/it would, we would, you would, they would”
- buď, buďme, buďte “be” (imperative in different persons and numbers)
Inf: infinitive
Infinitive is the citation form of verbs. It is also used with the auxiliary být to form periphrastic future tense, and it appears as the argument of modal and other verbs.
Examples
- nést “to carry”
- být “to be”
Sup: supine
Supine is a form similar to infinitive, yet distinct from it in the older development stages of the language. In these times, the infinitive would end in -ti/-ci and supine in -t/-c. Occasionally there were additional differences: some phoneme changes would not apply to both forms, and the object after the supine of a transitive verb would be in genitive instead of accusative. Later supine blended with infinitive, and in contemporary Czech, the short form with the -t suffix serves as the unmarked infinitive, while -ti is considered archaic.
Supine was used together with motion verbs, expressing the action that the subject intends to do after reaching the destination of the motion.
We distinguish supine from infinitive in the Old Czech period (texts produced between 1200 and 1500).
Examples
- Nalezeny sú oslice, jíchžtos byl šel hledat. “The donkeys that you went to seek are found.”
(Modern Czech equivalent has the same form hledat but annotated with
VerbForm=Inf: Oslice, které jsi šel hledat, se našly.)
Part: participle
Participle is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adjectives. Czech has two types of participles:
- The past participle (also called active participle or l-participle) is used to form the past tense, and the conditional mood in present or past tense.
- The passive participle is used to form the passive voice (in any tense or mood).
Participles inflect for Gender and Number but not for Person.
Examples
- nesl, nesla, neslo, nesli, nesly “carried” (past participle in different genders and numbers)
- nesen, nesena, neseno, neseni, neseny “carried” (passive participle in different genders and numbers)
- byl, byla, bylo, byli, byly “was/been” (past participle in different genders and numbers)
Conv: converb, transgressive
The converb, also called transgressive, adverbial participle or gerund, is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adverbs.
Imperfective verbs form present converb, meaning “while doing”.
Perfective verbs form past converb, meaning “having done”.
Examples
- nesa, nesouc, nesouce “carrying” (present transgressive in different genders and numbers)
- přines, přinesši, přinesše “having brought” (past transgressive in different genders and numbers)
- jsa, jsouc, jsouce “being” (present transgressive in different genders and numbers)
- byv, byvši, byvše “having been” (past transgressive in different genders and numbers)
- zírali na mne, pevně svírajíce své zbraně “they stared at me while gripping their guns firmly”
- udělavši večeři, zavolala rodinu ke stolu “having prepared the dinner, she called her family to the table”
Vnoun: verbal noun
Unlike in some other languages, verbal noun is a form strictly distinct from infinitive. It is considered a noun derived from a verb. Its UPOS tag is NOUN (not VERB) and its lemma is the singular nominative form of the verbal noun (not the infinitive of the verb). Unlike finite verbs and infinitives, a verbal noun inflects for Case and Number (although plural forms are rarely used).
Examples
- nesení “carrying”
- bytí “being”
VerbForm in other languages: [ab] [abq] [akk] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cu] [cy] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gub] [gun] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [mdf] [myv] [orv] [pcm] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl]