VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
| Values: | Fin | Inf | Part |
Fin: finite verb
Rule of thumb: if it has non-empty Mood, it is finite. In Middle Armenian this applies to conditional (also to its connegative form), indicative, imperative and subjunctive forms.
Examples
- գիտեմ/gitem “I know”, գիտես/gites “you know”, գիտէ/gitē “he/she/it knows”, գիտեմք (գիտենք)/gitemkʼ (gitenkʼ) “we know”, գիտէք/gitēkʼ “you know”, գիտեն/giten “they know”,
- մնացի/mnacʼi “I stayed”, մնացեր/mnacʼer “you stayed”, մնաց “he/she/it stayed”, մնացաք/mnacʼakʼ “we stayed”, մնացէք/mnacʼēkʼ “you stayed”, մնացին/mnacʼin “they stayed”,
- եմ/em “I am”, ես/es “you are”, է/ē “he/she/it is”, եմք/emkʼ “we are”, էք/ēkʼ “you are”, են/en “they are”,
- աղա՛/aġa՛, աղացե՛ք/aġacʼe՛kʼ “grind!” (imperative in different numbers),
- գրեմ/grem “I write
Sub”, գրես/gres “you writeSub”, գրէ/grē “he/she/it writeSub”, գրեմք/gremkʼ “we writeSub”, գրէք/grēkʼ “you writeSub”, գրեն/gren “they writeSub”
Inf: infinitive
The infinitive is the citation form of verbs. In Middle Armenian, it is a non-finite verb form. It can occur as an argument of other verbs. When used with the auxiliary եմ/em and the preposition ի/i, it forms the present indicative.
The infinitive shares properties of verbs and nouns. It inflects for Case, Definite, Number, Number[psor] and Person[psor]. Note that in Middle Armenian grammar, the genitive-dative case of the infinitive is treated as a future participle, regardless of whether it functions as a verbal tense (with an auxiliary verb) or as a modifier (with a noun). However, we apply the principle of Modern Armenian (Eastern and Western), where only the form used with an auxiliary (to create the future tense of the indicative mood) is considered a future participle.
Examples
- ի գալ է/i gal ē “it comes; it is coming”
- Որով զոք դատիս՝ Նոյն դատաստան կամիս կրել/Orov zok’ datis՝ Noyn datastan kamis krel “The judgment you pass on others is the same one you are willing to face yourself”,
- Պատրաստ եմ մեռանել վասն անուան նորին/Patrast em meṙanel vasn anowan norin “I am ready to die for his name”,
- Մի՞թէ մեռանելոյ օրս մոտեցաւ/mit’ē meraneloy òrs motec’aw “Has my day to die really come”,
- Եւ զայդ ի դողալուն ատենէ սկիզբն արա/ew zayd i doġalown atenē skizbn ara “And start this from the moment of trembling”
Part: participle, verbal adjective
Participles are non-finite verb forms that share properties of verbs and adjectives. In Middle Armenian, some participles may be used to form complex tenses and can also be used adjectively. Nevertheless, they are always annotated as verb.
Note that the so called negative participle is used to form negated periphrastic indicative and conditional forms. We mark them Connegative.
Middle Armenian has six types of participles:
- The resultative participle is used to form the indicative mood in present and imperfect resultative. It can be used adjectively and can be negated.
- The subject participle can be used only adjectively and can be negated.
- The imperfective participle is used to form the indicative mood in present or imperfect tense. It is formed with two endings: -իս/-is, which is attached to the infinitive, and -ում/-owm, which is attached to the verb stem.
- The future participle is used to form the indicative mood in present future or imperfect future (future-in-the-past) tense. Some of its forms (mainly with the ending -ի/-i attached to the infinitive) can be used only adjectively and can be negated.
- The past participle continues the Classical Armenian past participle. While in Classical Armenian this form could have both active and passive meanings, in Middle Armenian it increasingly tends toward a passive interpretation. A new passive infix (-ու-/-ow-) has also emerged. It can be used adjectivally or substantivally.
- The perfect participle is used to form the indicative mood in present perfect or imperfect-in-the-past (past perfect) tense. It has two possible endings, -լ/-l and -ր/-r. In Middle Armenian, it can also be used adjectivally.
Note that the resultative, past and perfect participles can be used to form the secondary compound tenses (with the auxiliary լինել/linel “to be” in any tense or mood). The resultative participle can form secondary compound tenses also with other verbs, such as կենալ/kenal “to stay”, կայ/kay “to exist, to be” or ունիմ/ownim “have”.
Participles will have Aspect, Voice and Subcat.
Examples
- քաղած/k’aġaç “plucked”, բերած/beraç “brought”, պարգևված/pargewvaç “granted, gifted”, խառնուած/xaṙnowaç “mixed”, փռված/p’ṙvaç “spread” (resultative participle, in different voices),
- ստեղծող/steġçoġ “(smth.) creating”, նախշող/naxšoġ “decorating”, խնդացող/xndac’oġ “laughing”, թուլացնող/t’owlac’noġ “weakening”, կարմրցնող/karmrc’noġ “reddening” (subject participle, in different voices),
- տեսնում/tesnowm “see(ing)”, խօսում/xòsowm “speak(ing)”, հեռանալիս/heṙanalis “leav(ing)”, դողալիս/doġalis “trembl(ing)” (imperfective participle, in different voices),
- տանելու/tanelow “for taking”, չորացնելու/čorac’nelow “for drying”, անցանելու/anc’anelow “for passing”, գնալու/gnalow “for going”, ճանաչելի/č̣anačeli “smth. that can be recognized” (future participle, in different voices),
- լցեալ/lc’eal “filled”, հեծեալ/heçeal “mounted”, մեռեալ/meṙeal “dead”, բացուեալ/bac’oweal “opened” (past participle, in different voices)
- ասել/asel “have told”, մնացել/mnac’el “have remained”, հագեր/hager “have dressed”, արբեցուցեր/arbec’owc’er “have made (someone) drunk” (perfect participle, in different voices).
VerbForm in other languages: [ab] [abq] [akk] [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cu] [cy] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gub] [gun] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [mdf] [myv] [oge] [orv] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]