ADP: adposition
Definition
Turkish only has postpositions. They occur after a complement noun phrase (or a nominal subordinate clause) and they form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.
A number of postpositions in Turkish are complex,
derived from a closed set of nouns (see Göksel & Kerslake 2005, ch.17).
Examples include, alt-ın-da “below”, arka-sı-nda “behind”, konu-su-nda “about”.
We also mark these expressions as ADP when they are used as postpositions
(TODO: this requires discussion).
Examples
- Ali’ye rağmen “despite Ali”
- Ali için “for Ali”
- Kalabalığın arasında “between/within the crowd”
- Ali’nin dışında “except Ali”
References
Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge, 2005.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)
There are 46 ADP lemmas (1%), 116 ADP types (1%) and 2242 ADP tokens (4%).
Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 7 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 6 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: ki, li, için, gibi, diye, kadar, _, olarak, sonra, lik
The 10 most frequent ADP types: ki, için, gibi, diye, kadar, li, lı, olarak, sonra, önce
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ki (ADP 333, CONJ 122), _ (ADP 106, NOUN 2), sonra (ADP 87, ADV 55, NOUN 7), önce (ADP 60, ADV 42, NOUN 19), siz (PRON 76, ADP 43), ci (ADP 33, NOUN 1), doğru (ADJ 51, ADP 32), ile (CONJ 93, ADP 23), üzere (ADP 20, ADV 1), birlikte (ADP 19, ADV 18)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ki (ADP 302, CONJ 121), için (ADP 232, ADJ 1), diye (ADP 169, VERB 3), sonra (ADP 83, ADV 41), önce (ADP 58, ADV 30, NOUN 8), doğru (ADP 32, ADJ 25), ile (CONJ 93, ADP 23), siz (ADP 23, PRON 13), birlikte (ADP 18, ADV 17, NOUN 1), karşı (ADP 15, ADV 7, ADJ 2)
- ki
- için
- diye
- sonra
- önce
- doğru
- ile
- siz
- birlikte
- ADP 18: Ve Kıran ailesi birlikte son yolculuklarına çıktı .
- ADV 17: Gelin , birlikte girelim , dedim .
- NOUN 1: Bilimde bu tür mucizevi elatmalara yer olmadığı gibi , varlığı , Tanrı’ya inanan lar için tehlike yaratır : diferansiyel eşitliklerinizde ki matematiksel tekillikleri daha iyi bir modelle ortadan kaldırdığınızda Tanrınız da tekillikle birlikte ortadan kalkar .
- karşı
- ADP 15: Madde kırkdört’e karşı dörtyüzkırkiki oyla kabul edildi .
- ADV 7: Olası bir savaşta , Türkiye büyük zararlarla karşı karşıya kalacak .
- ADJ 2: Erdoğan’ın milletvekili ve başbakan olmasını sağlayacak düzenlemede , Sezer’in karşı çıktığı , doğrudan başbakanlık getirecek yüzdokuz . madde yerine ara seçimi düzenleyen yetmişsekiz . madde üzerinde değişiklik yapacaklarını belirten Şahin , şu mesajı verdi : .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 2.521739 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.815350).
The 1st highest number of forms (27) was observed with the lemma “_”: a, dan, den, e, i, in, lar, lara, lardan, larla, ları, ların, le, ler, lerden, lere, leri, lerin, leriyle, lerle, si, ya, ye, ı, ın, ını, ıyla.
The 2nd highest number of forms (16) was observed with the lemma “lik”: ‘lik, ‘luk, ‘lük, lik, liği, liğin, liğinden, luk, lüğünün, lık, lıklar, lığı, lığıma, lığına, lığının, lığınız.
The 3rd highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “ki”: aki, eki, ithatpaşa’daki, ki, kiler, kilere, kileri, kilerin, kinde, kinden, kine, kini, kü.
ADP occurs with 7 features: Number (194; 9% instances), Person (194; 9% instances), Case (189; 8% instances), Number[psor] (23; 1% instances), Person[psor] (23; 1% instances), Mood (3; 0% instances), Tense (2; 0% instances)
ADP occurs with 17 feature-value pairs: Case=Abl, Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Mood=Cnd, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Number[psor]=Plur, Number[psor]=Sing, Person=3, Person[psor]=1, Person[psor]=2, Person[psor]=3, Tense=Past
ADP occurs with 28 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _ (2048 tokens).
Examples: ki, için, gibi, diye, kadar, li, lı, olarak, sonra, önce
Relations
ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 11 different relations: case (2207; 98% instances), root (16; 1% instances), conj (4; 0% instances), dobj (4; 0% instances), compound:lvc (3; 0% instances), cc (2; 0% instances), det (2; 0% instances), advmod:emph (1; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances), nmod:poss (1; 0% instances), nsubj (1; 0% instances)
Parents of ADP nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (1071; 48% instances), VERB (612; 27% instances), ADJ (258; 12% instances), PRON (126; 6% instances), PROPN (64; 3% instances), NUM (40; 2% instances), ADV (24; 1% instances), DET (19; 1% instances), ROOT (16; 1% instances), ADP (6; 0% instances), CONJ (3; 0% instances), AUX (2; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances)
2159 (96%) ADP nodes are leaves.
54 (2%) ADP nodes have one child.
25 (1%) ADP nodes have two children.
4 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a ADP node is 3.
Children of ADP nodes are attached using 17 different relations: cop (18; 16% instances), nmod (15; 13% instances), nummod (11; 9% instances), punct (11; 9% instances), conj (9; 8% instances), det (9; 8% instances), nmod:poss (7; 6% instances), case (6; 5% instances), amod (5; 4% instances), dobj (5; 4% instances), acl (4; 3% instances), advmod:emph (4; 3% instances), cc (4; 3% instances), advmod (3; 3% instances), advcl (2; 2% instances), nsubj (2; 2% instances), parataxis (1; 1% instances)
Children of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (21; 18% instances), AUX (18; 16% instances), NUM (15; 13% instances), VERB (14; 12% instances), PUNCT (11; 9% instances), ADJ (8; 7% instances), CONJ (8; 7% instances), ADP (6; 5% instances), DET (5; 4% instances), PROPN (4; 3% instances), ADV (3; 3% instances), PRON (3; 3% instances)
ADP in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]