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dobj: direct object

The direct object of a verb is the noun phrase that denotes the entity acted upon.

In Turkish, direct objects take either nominative (unmarked), or accusative cases. We do not mark arguments of verbs in other cases with dobj. (NOTE: Kyrgiz treebank marks ablatives as in pastadan aldı ‘he took from the cake’. We may consider doing the same. At least we should try to unify the analyses.) Note also that we mark objects of intransitive causative verbs using dobj:cau.

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Hafta sonları kitap okurum . \n I read (books) during weekends
dobj(okurum, kitap)
{
    "text": "Hafta sonları kitap okurum . \n I read (books) during weekends ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 6, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 14, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 20, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 27, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 33, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 38, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 46, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 53, 61 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

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Kitabı okudum . \n I read the book.
dobj(okudum, Kitabı)
{
    "text": "Kitabı okudum . \n I read the book. ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 7, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 14, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 25, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 29, 34 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

We also mark the non-case marked or accusative noun phrases as dobj even if they are not the entities that are acted upon.

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Dün 10 kilometre koştum . \n I ran 10 kilometers yesterday
dobj(koştum, kilometre)
{
    "text": "Dün 10 kilometre koştum . \n I ran 10 kilometers yesterday ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 17, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 24, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 28, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 30, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 34, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 37, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 48, 57 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

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Dün 10 kilometreyi 35 dakikada koştum . \n  Yesterday, I ran 10 kilometers in 35 minutes
dobj(koştum, kilometreyi)
{
    "text": "Dün 10 kilometreyi 35 dakikada koştum . \n Yesterday, I ran 10 kilometers in 35 minutes ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 19, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 22, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 31, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 38, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 42, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T10", "token", [ [ 53, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 55, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T12", "token", [ [ 59, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T13", "token", [ [ 62, 72 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T14", "token", [ [ 73, 75 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T15", "token", [ [ 76, 78 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T16", "token", [ [ 79, 86 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)

This relation is universal.

4469 nodes (8%) are attached to their parents as dobj.

4272 instances of dobj (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 1.78362049675543.

The following 43 pairs of parts of speech are connected with dobj: VERB-NOUN (2676; 60% instances), VERB-VERB (748; 17% instances), VERB-PRON (418; 9% instances), VERB-ADJ (304; 7% instances), VERB-PROPN (86; 2% instances), ADJ-NOUN (51; 1% instances), NOUN-NOUN (43; 1% instances), VERB-NUM (28; 1% instances), ADV-NOUN (20; 0% instances), NOUN-VERB (12; 0% instances), ADJ-ADJ (9; 0% instances), NOUN-PRON (8; 0% instances), ADJ-VERB (6; 0% instances), ADJ-PRON (5; 0% instances), NOUN-ADJ (5; 0% instances), PRON-NOUN (5; 0% instances), PUNCT-NOUN (4; 0% instances), ADP-NOUN (3; 0% instances), CONJ-NOUN (3; 0% instances), VERB-ADP (3; 0% instances), VERB-CONJ (3; 0% instances), VERB-PUNCT (3; 0% instances), ADV-VERB (2; 0% instances), NOUN-NUM (2; 0% instances), NOUN-PROPN (2; 0% instances), PUNCT-PRON (2; 0% instances), VERB-DET (2; 0% instances), ADJ-PROPN (1; 0% instances), ADP-ADJ (1; 0% instances), ADP-VERB (1; 0% instances), ADV-ADJ (1; 0% instances), ADV-PRON (1; 0% instances), CONJ-VERB (1; 0% instances), DET-NOUN (1; 0% instances), NOUN-ADP (1; 0% instances), NOUN-DET (1; 0% instances), NUM-NOUN (1; 0% instances), PRON-PROPN (1; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (1; 0% instances), PROPN-NOUN (1; 0% instances), PUNCT-ADJ (1; 0% instances), PUNCT-NUM (1; 0% instances), PUNCT-VERB (1; 0% instances).

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# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 2 dobj	color:blue
1	Bir	bir	NUM	ANum	NumType=Card	2	det	_	_
2	taksi	taksi	NOUN	Noun	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3	3	dobj	_	_
3	bulduk	bul	VERB	Verb	Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past	0	root	_	_
4	.	.	PUNCT	Punc	_	3	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T1", "NUM", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "NOUN", [ [ 4, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "VERB", [ [ 10, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-T4", "PUNCT", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-5-S1-A1", "NumType", "embedded-5-S1-T1", "Card" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A2", "Case", "embedded-5-S1-T2", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A3", "Number", "embedded-5-S1-T2", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A4", "Person", "embedded-5-S1-T2", "3" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A5", "Aspect", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Perf" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A6", "Mood", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A7", "Negative", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Pos" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A8", "Number", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A9", "Person", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "1" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-A10", "Tense", "embedded-5-S1-T3", "Past" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R0", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R1", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R2", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-S1-R3", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-S1-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-5-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: bir" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: ANum" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: taksi" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Noun" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: bul" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Verb" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Punc" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-5-S1-T3", "embedded-5-S1-T2", "dobj" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ],
    "text": "Bir taksi bulduk .",
    "error": false
}

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# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 5 dobj	color:blue
1	Oğlum	oğul	NOUN	Noun	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person=3|Person[psor]=1	7	nsubj	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	Punc	_	7	punct	_	_
3	Ne	ne	PRON	Ques	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3	4	nmod	_	_
4	işe	iş	NOUN	Noun	Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=3	5	nmod	_	_
5	yaradığını	yara	VERB	Verb	Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	dobj	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	Punc	_	5	punct	_	_
7	sordu	sor	VERB	Verb	Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past	0	root	_	_
8	.	.	PUNCT	Punc	_	7	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "NOUN", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "PUNCT", [ [ 6, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "PRON", [ [ 8, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "NOUN", [ [ 11, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "VERB", [ [ 15, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "PUNCT", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "VERB", [ [ 28, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T8", "PUNCT", [ [ 34, 35 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-A1", "Case", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A3", "Number[psor]", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A4", "Person", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "3" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A5", "Person[psor]", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "1" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A6", "Case", "embedded-6-S1-T3", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A7", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A8", "Person", "embedded-6-S1-T3", "3" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A9", "Case", "embedded-6-S1-T4", "Dat" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A10", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T4", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A11", "Person", "embedded-6-S1-T4", "3" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A12", "Aspect", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Perf" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A13", "Case", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Acc" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A14", "Mood", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A15", "Negative", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Pos" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A16", "Number[psor]", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A17", "Person[psor]", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "3" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A18", "Tense", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Past" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A19", "VerbForm", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Part" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A20", "Aspect", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Perf" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A21", "Mood", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A22", "Negative", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Pos" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A23", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A24", "Person", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "3" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A25", "Tense", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Past" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R1", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R2", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R3", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R4", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R5", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R6", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R7", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: oğul" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Noun" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ," ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Punc" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ne" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Ques" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: iş" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Noun" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: yara" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Verb" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ," ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Punc" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: sor" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Verb" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Punc" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "dobj" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ],
    "text": "Oğlum , Ne işe yaradığını , sordu .",
    "error": false
}

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# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 1 dobj	color:blue
1	Ne	ne	PRON	Ques	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3	2	dobj	_	_
2	anlatacaktın	anlat	VERB	Verb	Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=FutPast	0	root	_	_
3	.	.	PUNCT	Punc	_	2	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "PRON", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 3, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "PUNCT", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-A1", "Case", "embedded-7-S1-T1", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-7-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A3", "Person", "embedded-7-S1-T1", "3" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A4", "Aspect", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "Perf" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A5", "Mood", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A6", "Negative", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "Pos" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A7", "Number", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A8", "Person", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "2" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A9", "Tense", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "FutPast" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R0", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R2", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ne" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Ques" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: anlat" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Verb" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Punc" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "embedded-7-S1-T1", "dobj" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "7" ],
    "text": "Ne anlatacaktın .",
    "error": false
}

---

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