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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term to include both prepositions and postpositions, i.e., invariable words specifying the function of a nominal with respect to, prototypically, a verb (or adjective). in Ancient Greek most adpositions are prepositions. Adpositions can also, especially in Homeric poetry, function as adverbs: it is sometimes very hard to decide whether they are adverbs or adpostions.

Prepositions

A list of prepositions and an overview on their functions can be found in Smyth 1920: 365-388.

Examples

• ἀπὸ θαλάσσης “from the sea” (T. 1.7)
• δι(ά)᾽ ὤμου “through (the) shoulder” (Il. 4.481)
• περὶ πατρίδος “for (the) country” (T. 6.69)

Postpositions

In antiquity postpositions were considered to be prepositions which can also in some genre/author appear after their dependents: this is known as an example of anastrophe (Smyth 1920: 40-41; note that accent in dissyllabic prepositions is shifted back). Postpositions especially - but not exclusively - occur in poetry.

Examples

• τούτων πἐρι “about these things”

References

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company (Perseus Digital Library; Internet Archive).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 108 ADP lemmas (1%), 234 ADP types (0%) and 13026 ADP tokens (5%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 5 in number of lemmas, 6 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: ἐν, εἰς, ἐπί, πρός, ἐκ, κατά, περί, ὑπό, διά, παρά

The 10 most frequent ADP types: ἐν, πρὸς, ἐπὶ, εἰς, ἐς, ἐκ, περὶ, κατὰ, διὰ, ὑπὸ

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ἐν (ADP 1939, ADV 7), εἰς (ADP 1822, ADV 1), πρός (ADP 1120, ADV 3), κατά (ADP 964, SCONJ 7, ADV 2), περί (ADP 765, ADV 6), παρά (ADP 532, ADV 3), μετά (ADP 512, ADV 22), ἀπό (ADP 439, ADV 1), ὑπέρ (ADP 135, ADJ 1), ἀμφί (ADP 132, ADV 28)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ἐν (ADP 1897, ADV 7), πρὸς (ADP 1040, ADV 3), εἰς (ADP 777, VERB 2), περὶ (ADP 701, ADV 3), κατὰ (ADP 683, SCONJ 1, CONJ 1, ADV 1), μετὰ (ADP 355, ADV 19), παρὰ (ADP 278, ADV 2), δἰ (ADP 119, CONJ 6), ἀπ̓ (ADP 104, ADV 1), μετ̓ (ADP 98, ADV 2)

• ἐν
  • ADP 1897: τυφλὰς ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐλπίδας κατῴκισα .
  • ADV 7: ἐν δὲ πᾶς ἐμεστώθη δρόμος κτύπου κροτητῶν ἁρμάτων ·
• πρὸς
  • ADP 1040: πρὸς τοῖσδε μέντοι πῦρ ἐγώ σφιν ὤπασα .
  • ADV 3: πρὸς δὲ καὶ τῆς ἑωυτοῦ γυναικὸς τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς δειρῆς ἀνέθηκε ὁ Κροῖσος καὶ τὰς ζώνας .
• εἰς
  • ADP 777: ἐξελυσάμην βροτοὺς τὸ μὴ διαρραισθέντας εἰς Ἅιδου μολεῖν .
  • VERB 2: τίς πόθεν εἰς ἀνδρῶν ;
• περὶ
  • ADP 701: οἱ δ̓ αὐτοῦ περὶ τεῖχος θήκας Ἰλιάδος γᾶς εὔμορφοι κατέχουσιν ·
  • ADV 3: ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἴδμεν , ὅ τοι περὶ μὲν πραπίδες , περὶ δ̓ ἐστὶ νόημα , ἀλκτὴρ δ̓ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀρῆς γένεο κρυεροῖο .
• κατὰ
  • ADP 683: οὐ σῖγα μηδὲν τῶνδ̓ ἐρεῖς κατὰ πτόλιν ;
  • SCONJ 1: ἀρδόμενον μέντοι ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἁδρύνεταί τε τὸ λήιον καὶ παραγίνεται ὁ σῖτος , οὐ κατὰ περ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἀναβαίνοντος ἐς τὰς ἀρούρας , ἀλλὰ χερσί τε καὶ κηλωνηίοισι ἀρδόμενος .
  • CONJ 1: ἣ μὲν δὴ ἐξανεχώρεε κατὰ ὑπέσχετο πρῶτα ·
  • ADV 1: κατὰ μὲν δὴ Κᾶρας οὕτω Κρῆτες λέγουσι γενέσθαι ·
• μετὰ
  • ADP 355: μετὰ τοῦδ̓ ὅ τι χρὴ πάσχειν ἐθέλω ·
  • ADV 19: μετὰ δὲ κατὰ λόγον προβαίνοντες τιμῶσι ·
• παρὰ
  • ADP 278: ἅλις παρὰ Σκάμανδρον ἦσθ̓ ἀνάρσιος ·
  • ADV 2: παρὰ δ̓ ἰχθύες ἐκλονέοντο .
• δἰ
  • ADP 119: νῦν [δὲ] τελέαν πολύμναστον ἐπηνθίσω δἰ αἷμ̓ ἄνιπτον .
  • CONJ 6: καὶ πᾶσαν αἶαν , ἧς δἰ ἁγνὸς ἔρχεται Στρυμών , τὸ πρὸς δύνοντος ἡλίου , κρατῶ .
• ἀπ̓
  • ADP 104: φρυκτὸς δὲ φρυκτὸν δεῦῤ ἀπ̓ ἀγγάρου πυρὸς ἔπεμπεν ·
  • ADV 1: ἐπεὰν ὦν ἀπίκωνται πλέοντες ἐς τὴν Βαβυλῶνα καὶ διαθέωνται τὸν φόρτον , νομέας μὲν τοῦ πλοίου καὶ τὴν καλάμην πᾶσαν ἀπ̓ ὦν ἐκήρυξαν , τὰς δὲ διφθέρας ἐπισάξαντες ἐπὶ τοὺς ὄνους ἀπελαύνουσι ἐς τοὺς Ἀρμενίους .
• μετ̓
  • ADP 98: Τὰ δὲ ἀγαθὰ ἠρώτησαν τὸν Δία πῶς εἶναι μετ̓ ἀνθρώπων .
  • ADV 2: εἶτα μετ̓ οὐ πολὺ γινομένων αὐτοῖς σημείων πολλῶν τῆς ἀπωλείας , περὶ ἧς οὐ κατεπείγει λέγειν , διεφθάρησαν .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 2.166667 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.041201).

The 1st highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “ἐν”: -ἂν, εἰν, εἰνὶ, κἀν, ν, οὑν, τἀν, τἂν, ἐμ, ἐν, ἐνὶ, ἔν, ἔνι.

The 2nd highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “ἐπί”: κἀπ̓, κἀπὶ, πὶ, τοὐπὶ, τἀπ̓, τἀπὶ, ἀφ̓, ἐπ̓, ἐπί, ἐπὶ, ἐφ̓, ἔπ̓, ἔπι.

The 3rd highest number of forms (12) was observed with the lemma “εἰς”: ̓ς, εἰς, εἲς, εἴς, κεἰς, κἀν, ἀν, ἐν, ἐς, ἒς, ἔν, ἔς.

ADP occurs with 3 features: Case (1; 0% instances), Gender (1; 0% instances), Number (1; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 3 feature-value pairs: Case=Voc, Gender=Fem, Number=Sing

ADP occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (13025 tokens). Examples: ἐν, πρὸς, ἐπὶ, εἰς, ἐς, ἐκ, περὶ, κατὰ, διὰ, ὑπὸ

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 10 different relations: case (12322; 95% instances), advmod (586; 4% instances), cc (44; 0% instances), root (22; 0% instances), mark (19; 0% instances), amod (12; 0% instances), iobj (11; 0% instances), conj (5; 0% instances), nsubj (3; 0% instances), xcomp (2; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: NOUN (9038; 69% instances), PRON (1524; 12% instances), ADJ (1064; 8% instances), VERB (997; 8% instances), DET (140; 1% instances), PUNCT (113; 1% instances), ADV (100; 1% instances), ROOT (22; 0% instances), CONJ (13; 0% instances), NUM (10; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

12812 (98%) ADP nodes are leaves.

161 (1%) ADP nodes have one child.

24 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

29 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 10.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 17 different relations: punct (93; 28% instances), nmod (65; 20% instances), advmod (47; 14% instances), dobj (39; 12% instances), nsubj (39; 12% instances), amod (8; 2% instances), conj (8; 2% instances), cc (7; 2% instances), neg (4; 1% instances), xcomp (4; 1% instances), case (3; 1% instances), det (3; 1% instances), iobj (2; 1% instances), mark (2; 1% instances), mwe (2; 1% instances), acl (1; 0% instances), advcl (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: NOUN (106; 32% instances), PUNCT (93; 28% instances), ADV (31; 9% instances), ADJ (28; 9% instances), PRON (26; 8% instances), VERB (26; 8% instances), CONJ (8; 2% instances), DET (5; 2% instances), ADP (2; 1% instances), SCONJ (2; 1% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 63 ADP lemmas (1%), 115 ADP types (0%) and 15123 ADP tokens (7%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 7 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 7 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: ἐν, εἰς, ἐπί, ἐκ, πρός, ἀπό, διά, κατά, μετά, περί

The 10 most frequent ADP types: ἐν, εἰς, ἐς, ἐπὶ, ἐκ, πρὸς, ἀπὸ, διὰ, κατὰ, περὶ

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ἐν (ADP 3179, ADV 11, SCONJ 4), εἰς (ADP 2768, SCONJ 31), ἐπί (ADP 1397, ADV 7, SCONJ 2, VERB 1), πρός (ADP 964, ADV 25), ἀπό (ADP 810, SCONJ 4, ADV 2), διά (ADP 746, ADV 1), κατά (ADP 742, ADV 2, SCONJ 1), μετά (ADP 553, ADV 67), περί (ADP 507, ADV 1), ὑπό (ADP 452, ADV 2)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ἐν (ADP 3145, ADV 11, SCONJ 4), εἰς (ADP 1666, SCONJ 1), ἐς (ADP 1089, SCONJ 30), ἐπὶ (ADP 1069, ADV 7), πρὸς (ADP 925, ADV 25), ἀπὸ (ADP 628, ADV 2), διὰ (ADP 547, ADV 1), κατὰ (ADP 539, ADV 7), περὶ (ADP 467, ADV 1), μετὰ (ADP 356, ADV 67)

• ἐν
  • ADP 3145: καὶ ὁ πατήρ σου ὁ βλέπων ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ ἀποδώσει σοι
  • ADV 11: ἐν δὲ δὴ καὶ ὁ Φωκαεὺς στρατηγὸς Διονύσιος λέγων τάδε
  • SCONJ 4: ἐν ᾧ δὲ βουλεύονται αὐτοί ἀπαγαγεῖν ἐκεῖνον ἐκέλευον τὴν στρατιὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ τείχεος
• εἰς
  • ADP 1666: ἔργον γὰρ καλὸν ἠργάσατο εἰς ἐμέ
  • SCONJ 1: κραιπνὸς δὲ μετέρχεται εἰς ὅ κε πᾶσαν συμμάρψας ὀλέσῃ γενεὴν καὶ οἶκον ἅπαντα
• ἐς
  • ADP 1089: μακροτέρης δέ οἱ γινομένης τῆς νούσου πέμπει ἐς Δελφοὺς θεοπρόπους
  • SCONJ 30: οὗτος δὲ ἀνηκούστεέ τε καὶ λόγον εἶχε οὐδένα ἐς ὃ ἔλαβὲ τὴν δίκην
• ἐπὶ
  • ADP 1069: καὶ προσελθὼν μικρὸν ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ προσευχόμενος καὶ λέγων
  • ADV 7: ἐπὶ δὲ αὐτός τε Ξέρξης καὶ οἱ αἰχμοφόροι καὶ οἱ ἱππόται οἱ χίλιοι
• πρὸς
  • ADP 925: ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ᾖ ἀξία ἡ εἰρήνη ὑμῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐπιστραφήτω
  • ADV 25: πρὸς δὲ οὐκ οἴνῳ διαχρέωνται ἀλλὰ ὑδροποτέουσι
• ἀπὸ
  • ADP 628: αἴρει γὰρ τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱματίου καὶ χεῖρον σχίσμα γίνεται
  • ADV 2: ἀπὸ δ’ ἔθανε τῶν στρατηγῶν Στησίλεως ὁ Θρασύλεω
• διὰ
  • ADP 547: καὶ δυνάμεις τοιαῦται διὰ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ γίνονται
  • ADV 1: οὐδέ ἑ φημί σχήσεσθαι πρὶν τῶνδ’ ἕτερον διὰ πάντα δάσηται
• κατὰ
  • ADP 539: καὶ σὺ κάθῃ κρίνων με κατὰ τὸν νόμον καὶ παρανομῶν κελεύεις με τύπτεσθαι
  • ADV 7: μῖξιν δὲ τούτων τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι ἐμφανέα κατὰ περ τοῖσι προβάτοισι
• περὶ
  • ADP 467: καὶ περὶ ἐνδύματος τί μεριμνᾶτε
  • ADV 1: πίπτοντος δὲ τοῦ ἱρηίου ἐπικαλέει τὸν θεὸν τῷ ἂν θύῃ καὶ ἔπειτα βρόχῳ περὶ ὦν ἔβαλε τὸν αὐχένα
• μετὰ
  • ADP 356: ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων συλλαβεῖν με
  • ADV 67: μετὰ δὲ ἱκέτευε μὴ μιν ἀναγκαίῃ ἐνδέειν διακρῖναι τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.825397 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.412038).

The 1st highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “εἰς”: εἰς, εἴς, εἷς, ἐς, ἔς.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “ἀπό”: ἀπο, ἀπό, ἀπὸ, ἀπ’, ἀφ’.

The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “διά”: Δία, διά, διὰ, δι’.

ADP does not occur with any features.

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 11 different relations: case (15032; 99% instances), advmod (71; 0% instances), amod (4; 0% instances), nmod (4; 0% instances), remnant (4; 0% instances), conj (2; 0% instances), mark (2; 0% instances), appos (1; 0% instances), dobj (1; 0% instances), nsubj (1; 0% instances), xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 8 different parts of speech: NOUN (8245; 55% instances), PRON (2693; 18% instances), PROPN (2159; 14% instances), ADJ (1380; 9% instances), VERB (457; 3% instances), ADV (85; 1% instances), NUM (84; 1% instances), ADP (20; 0% instances)

14260 (94%) ADP nodes are leaves.

779 (5%) ADP nodes have one child.

70 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

14 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 18.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 18 different relations: det (455; 46% instances), advmod (144; 15% instances), appos (111; 11% instances), neg (100; 10% instances), nmod (49; 5% instances), discourse (48; 5% instances), advcl (20; 2% instances), case (18; 2% instances), dobj (7; 1% instances), acl (4; 0% instances), amod (4; 0% instances), cc (4; 0% instances), ccomp (4; 0% instances), mwe (4; 0% instances), aux (2; 0% instances), conj (2; 0% instances), nummod (2; 0% instances), nsubj (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: DET (454; 46% instances), ADV (289; 30% instances), NOUN (96; 10% instances), PRON (35; 4% instances), ADJ (32; 3% instances), VERB (28; 3% instances), ADP (20; 2% instances), PROPN (18; 2% instances), CONJ (4; 0% instances), NUM (3; 0% instances)

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ADP in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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