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ADV: adverb

Definition

Adverbs can be morphologically defined as a set of words whose form is fixed. A number of adverbs were originally nouns in a certain case (see, for example, the adverbial accusative in Smyth 1920: 361).

Syntactically, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs have to be distinguished from particles, even though the criteria for such distinction are not always clear-cut (see definition for PART).

Examples

• σοφῶς “wisely”
• ὁμόσε “to the same place”
• πῶς “how?”

References

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company (Perseus Digital Library; Internet Archive).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 1120 ADV lemmas (7%), 1468 ADV types (3%) and 38479 ADV tokens (16%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of ADV is: 4 in number of lemmas, 4 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADV lemmas: δέ, τε, οὐ, μέν, καί, γάρ, ἄν, ὡς, γε, δή

The 10 most frequent ADV types: δ̓, δὲ, καὶ, μὲν, τε, γὰρ, οὐ, δέ, οὐκ, ἂν

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: δέ (ADV 8850, CONJ 990), τε (ADV 2569, CONJ 154), οὐ (ADV 2402, CONJ 5), καί (CONJ 5640, ADV 2166, SCONJ 1), ἄν (ADV 1268, SCONJ 7, CONJ 1), ὡς (ADV 811, SCONJ 765, CONJ 69, ADP 9, INTJ 3), ἀλλά (CONJ 713, ADV 545, SCONJ 1), μή (ADV 480, CONJ 234, SCONJ 106), ἀτάρ (ADV 331, CONJ 14), οὐδέ (ADV 292, CONJ 77, X 5)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: δ̓ (ADV 4234, CONJ 235, X 2), δὲ (ADV 3835, CONJ 844, X 1), καὶ (CONJ 5419, ADV 2129, SCONJ 1), τε (ADV 1805, CONJ 122), οὐ (ADV 1315, CONJ 2, NOUN 2), δέ (ADV 792, CONJ 33, X 4), οὐκ (ADV 744, CONJ 1), ἂν (ADV 688, SCONJ 22, ADP 14, CONJ 4), τ̓ (ADV 591, CONJ 22, PRON 10), ὣς (ADV 419, CONJ 22, SCONJ 5)

• δ̓
  • ADV 4234: αἰθὴρ δ̓ ἐλαφραῖς πτερύγων ῥιπαῖς ὑποσυρίζει .
  • CONJ 235: ἐπειδὴ δὲ καλῶς αὐτῷ εἶχεν , ἐκεῖνος μὲν ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο , ἐγὼ δ̓ ἐκάθευδον .
  • X 2: οὐ δ̓ ἄῤ ἔτι δὴν Τηλέμαχος παρέμιμνεν , ἐπεὶ θεοῦ ἔκλυεν αὐδήν .
• δὲ
  • ADV 3835: νεοχμοῖς δὲ δὴ νόμοις Ζεὺς ἀθέτως κρατύνει .
  • CONJ 844: τούτων ἕκαστον ἀνὰ τετρακισχιλίους πεζούς , ἱππεῖς δὲ τριακοσίους .
  • X 1: μή τις ἔτι πρόφρων ἀγανὸς καὶ ἤπιος ἔστω σκηπτοῦχος βασιλεύς , μη δὲ φρεσὶν αἴσιμα εἰδώς , ἀλλ̓ αἰεὶ χαλεπός τ̓ εἴη καὶ αἴσυλα ῥέζοι ·
• καὶ
  • CONJ 5419: ἀκίχητα γὰρ ἤθεα καὶ κέαρ ἀπαράμυθον ἔχει Κρόνου παῖς .
  • ADV 2129: ἔσται δὲ καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν Αἰγέως στρατῷ αἰεὶ δικαστῶν τοῦτο βουλευτήριον .
  • SCONJ 1: ἅτε δὴ Μίνω τε κατεστραμμένου γῆν πολλὴν καὶ εὐτυχέοντος τῷ πολέμῳ , τὸ Καρικὸν ἦν ἔθνος λογιμώτατον τῶν ἐθνέων ἁπάντων κατὰ τοῦτον ἅμα τὸν χρόνον μακρῷ μάλιστα .
• τε
  • ADV 1805: αἰκίζεταί τε κοὐδαμῇ χαλᾷ κακῶν .
  • CONJ 122: οὐδέ κεν ἡμέας ἄλλο διέκρινεν φιλέοντέ τε τερπομένω τε .
• οὐ
  • ADV 1315: τίς οὐ ξυνασχαλᾷ κακοῖς τεοῖσι , δίχα γε Διός ;
  • CONJ 2: ὃς οὐκ ἴδ̓ ἀστέῤ οὐδ̓ ἰδὼν ἐδίζητο οὐ παῤ μάγοισι πῦρ ἱερὸν ἀνέστησεν , ὥσπερ νόμος , ῥάβδοισι τοῦ θεοῦ ψαύων ·
  • NOUN 2: ἔτι δέ μοι μένει γέρας παλαιόν , οὐ δ̓ ἀτιμίας κύρω , καίπερ ὑπὸ χθόνα τάξιν ἔχουσα καὶ δυσήλιον κνέφας .
• δέ
  • ADV 792: κραιπνοφόροι δέ μ̓ ἔπεμψαν αὖραι ·
  • CONJ 33: ἀφορμῆς δὲ δέομαι , καταθήσω δέ σοι ἐννέ̓ ὀβολοὺς τῆς μνᾶς τόκους .
  • X 4: οὐ δέ τί σε χρὴ νηπιάας ὀχέειν , ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι τηλίκος ἐσσι .
• οὐκ
  • ADV 744: τοιαῦτ̓ ἐμοῦ λόγοισιν ἐξηγουμένου οὐκ ἠξίωσαν οὐ δὲ προσβλέψαι τὸ πᾶν .
  • CONJ 1: οὐ μυθιήτης , οὐ δικασπόλος κεῖνος , οὐ λεωλογεῖν ἐμάνθαν̓ , οὐκ ἀμιθρῆσαι , ἀλλ̓ ἦν ἄριστος ἐσθίειν τε καὶ πίνειν κἠρᾶν , τὰ δ̓ ἄλλα πάντα κατὰ πετρῶν ὤθει .
• ἂν
  • ADV 688: ἐγὼ γὰρ οὔ τ̓ ἂν εἰσιδεῖν τάδε ἔχρῃζον εἰσιδοῦσά τ̓ ἠλγύνθην κέαρ .
  • SCONJ 22: οὐ γαμεῖς , ἂν νοῦν ἔχῃς , τοῦτον καταλείπων τὸν βίον .
  • ADP 14: ἂν δὲ συβώτης ἵστατο δαιτρεύσων ·
  • CONJ 4: τὸ μέλλον δ̓ , ἐπεὶ γένοιτ̓ , ἂν κλύοις ·
• τ̓
  • ADV 591: πρόδειξον , αἵρεσίν τ̓ ἐμοὶ δίδου .
  • CONJ 22: ὡς θᾶττον ἡ παῖς δ̓ ἥψατ̓ αὐτοῦ τῶν ποδῶν ἔτριψὲ τ̓ , ἀνεπήδησεν .
  • PRON 10: οὔ νύ τ̓ Ὀδυσσεὺς Ἀργείων παρὰ νηυσὶ χαρίζετο ἱερὰ ῥέζων Τροίῃ ἐν εὐρείῃ ;
• ὣς
  • ADV 419: φελλοὶ δ̓ ὣς ἄγουσι δίκτυον , τὸν ἐκ βυθοῦ κλωστῆρα σῴζοντες λίνου .
  • CONJ 22: ὣς ἄρα φωνήσασ̓ ἡγήσατο Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη καρπαλίμως ·
  • SCONJ 5: τὸ μὲν πατέῤ ἐσθλὸν ἀπώλεσα , ὅς ποτ̓ ἐν ὑμῖν τοίσδεσσιν βασίλευε , πατὴρ δ̓ ὣς ἤπιος ἦεν ·

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADV is 1.310714 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.041201).

The 1st highest number of forms (16) was observed with the lemma “οὐ”: δέ, δὲ, κοὐ, κοὐκ, κοὐχ, κοὐχὶ, οὐ, οὐ, οὐκ, οὐκὶ, οὐχ, οὐχί, οὐχὶ, οὒ, οὔ, οὔκ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “ἄν”: κ̓, κέ, κέν, κε, κεν, κἂν, τἂν, χ̓, ἂν, ἃν, ἄν.

The 3rd highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “ἄρα”: τἄῤ, τἄρα, ἂρ, ἄρ, ἄῤ, ἄρα, ῤ̓, ῥ̓, ῥά, ῥα, ῥὰ.

ADV occurs with 2 features: Degree (53; 0% instances), Number (1; 0% instances)

ADV occurs with 3 feature-value pairs: Degree=Cmp, Degree=Sup, Number=Sing

ADV occurs with 4 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (38425 tokens). Examples: δ̓, δὲ, καὶ, μὲν, τε, γὰρ, οὐ, δέ, οὐκ, ἂν

Relations

ADV nodes are attached to their parents using 13 different relations: advmod (29149; 76% instances), cc (5195; 14% instances), neg (2790; 7% instances), iobj (564; 1% instances), amod (247; 1% instances), mark (216; 1% instances), conj (167; 0% instances), case (79; 0% instances), xcomp (32; 0% instances), root (21; 0% instances), nsubj (11; 0% instances), auxpass (7; 0% instances), mwe (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADV nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: VERB (30273; 79% instances), NOUN (3078; 8% instances), ADJ (2634; 7% instances), ADV (1161; 3% instances), PRON (875; 2% instances), CONJ (156; 0% instances), PUNCT (113; 0% instances), DET (78; 0% instances), SCONJ (42; 0% instances), ADP (31; 0% instances), ROOT (21; 0% instances), NUM (15; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

35975 (93%) ADV nodes are leaves.

1986 (5%) ADV nodes have one child.

332 (1%) ADV nodes have two children.

186 (0%) ADV nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADV node is 14.

Children of ADV nodes are attached using 21 different relations: advmod (1080; 32% instances), punct (832; 25% instances), nmod (217; 6% instances), conj (172; 5% instances), cc (168; 5% instances), nsubj (155; 5% instances), neg (154; 5% instances), case (95; 3% instances), advcl (84; 3% instances), dobj (83; 2% instances), det (68; 2% instances), mark (59; 2% instances), xcomp (52; 2% instances), cop (40; 1% instances), acl (37; 1% instances), iobj (29; 1% instances), amod (26; 1% instances), appos (2; 0% instances), mwe (2; 0% instances), auxpass (1; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADV nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: ADV (1161; 35% instances), PUNCT (839; 25% instances), NOUN (405; 12% instances), VERB (267; 8% instances), CONJ (179; 5% instances), ADJ (144; 4% instances), PRON (123; 4% instances), ADP (100; 3% instances), DET (82; 2% instances), SCONJ (56; 2% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 461 ADV lemmas (5%), 579 ADV types (2%) and 22474 ADV tokens (11%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of ADV is: 5 in number of lemmas, 5 in number of types and 4 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADV lemmas: δέ, οὐ, γάρ, μέν, καί#1, μή, οὖν, δή, ὡς, οὕτω(ς)

The 10 most frequent ADV types: δὲ, γὰρ, καὶ, μὲν, μὴ, οὐκ, οὐ, ὡς, δὴ, οὖν

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: μή (ADV 1122, SCONJ 40), ὡς (ADV 590, SCONJ 437), ἤ (CONJ 384, ADV 126), οὐδέ (CONJ 148, ADV 81), μετά (ADP 553, ADV 67), εὐθύς (ADV 62, ADJ 11), ὀπίσω (ADV 60, ADP 24), ἔξω (ADV 52, ADP 26), ἅμα (ADP 48, ADV 44, SCONJ 1), ὥστε (SCONJ 87, ADV 43)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: καὶ (CONJ 10064, ADV 1165), μὴ (ADV 1054, SCONJ 30), ὡς (ADV 584, SCONJ 404), ἂν (ADV 313, SCONJ 1), ὦν (ADV 178, PRON 1), ἢ (CONJ 371, ADV 113, DET 1), εἰ (SCONJ 456, ADV 83), ὅτι (SCONJ 1178, ADV 76), μετὰ (ADP 356, ADV 67), οὐδὲ (CONJ 124, ADV 60)

• καὶ
  • CONJ 10064: καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα
  • ADV 1165: θέλω δὲ τούτῳ τῷ ἐσχάτῳ δοῦναι ὡς καὶ σοί
• μὴ
  • ADV 1054: ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ᾖ ἀξία ἡ εἰρήνη ὑμῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐπιστραφήτω
  • SCONJ 30: φροντίζω μὴ ἄριστον ᾖ ἐξανδραποδίσασθαι σφέας
• ὡς
  • ADV 584: θέλω δὲ τούτῳ τῷ ἐσχάτῳ δοῦναι ὡς καὶ σοί
  • SCONJ 404: ὡς δὲ ἐβαπτίσθη καὶ ὁ οἶκος αὐτῆς παρεκάλεσεν λέγουσα
• ἂν
  • ADV 313: καὶ εἰ μὴ ἐκολοβώθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι ἐκεῖναι οὐκ ἂν ἐσώθη πᾶσα σάρξ
  • SCONJ 1: οὐ δύναται ὁ υἱὸς ποιεῖν ἀφ’ ἑαυτοῦ οὐδέν ἂν μή τι βλέπῃ τὸν πατέρα ποιοῦντα
• ὦν
  • ADV 178: ὡς ὦν νενικημένος ὑπὸ σέο μεταγινώσκω μετίημί τε σὲ ἰέναι ἐπὶ τὴν ἄγρην
  • PRON 1: οὕτω δὲ καὶ στρατὸς πολλὸς ὑπὸ ὀλίγου διαφθείρεται κατὰ τοιόνδε ἐπεάν σφι ὁ θεὸς φθονήσας φόβον ἐμβάλῃ ἢ βροντήν δι’ ὦν ἐφθάρησαν ἀναξίως ἑωυτῶν
• ἢ
  • CONJ 371: ὅταν δὲ παραδῶσιν ὑμᾶς μὴ μεριμνήσητε πῶς ἢ τί λαλήσητε
  • ADV 113: πλὴν Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται ἐν τῇ κρίσει ἢ ὑμῖν
  • DET 1: ὡς δὲ παρῆσαν ἅπαντες ἔχοντες τὸ προειρημένον ἐνθαῦτα ὁ Κῦρος ἦν γάρ τις χῶρος τῆς Περσικῆς ἀκανθώδης ὅσον τε ἐπὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα σταδίους ἢ εἴκοσι πάντῃ τοῦτον σφι τὸν χῶρον προεῖπε ἐξημερῶσαι ἐν ἡμέρῃ
• εἰ
  • SCONJ 456: καὶ εἰ μὴ ἐκολοβώθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι ἐκεῖναι οὐκ ἂν ἐσώθη πᾶσα σάρξ
  • ADV 83: οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ
• ὅτι
  • SCONJ 1178: μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσιν τήν γῆν
  • ADV 76: ὅτι μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει
• μετὰ
  • ADP 356: ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων συλλαβεῖν με
  • ADV 67: μετὰ δὲ ἱκέτευε μὴ μιν ἀναγκαίῃ ἐνδέειν διακρῖναι τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν
• οὐδὲ
  • CONJ 124: Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ
  • ADV 60: εἰ οὖν οὐδὲ ἐλάχιστον δύνασθε τί περὶ τῶν λοιπῶν μεριμνᾶτε

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADV is 1.255965 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.412038).

The 1st highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “οὐ”: οὐ, οὐκ, οὐκὶ, οὐχ, οὒ, οὔ, οὗ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “ποτε”: κοτέ, κοτε, κοτὲ, ποκα, ποτέ, ποτε, ποτὲ.

The 3rd highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “ἄν”: κε, κεν, κ’, ἂν, ἄν, ἐάν, ἐὰν.

ADV occurs with 2 features: PronType (1071; 5% instances), Degree (749; 3% instances)

ADV occurs with 5 feature-value pairs: Degree=Cmp, Degree=Pos, Degree=Sup, PronType=Int, PronType=Rel

ADV occurs with 6 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (20654 tokens). Examples: δὲ, γὰρ, καὶ, μὲν, μὴ, οὐκ, οὐ, δὴ, οὖν, ὡς

Relations

ADV nodes are attached to their parents using 18 different relations: discourse (11294; 50% instances), advmod (6571; 29% instances), neg (3445; 15% instances), remnant (258; 1% instances), root (222; 1% instances), advcl (166; 1% instances), xcomp (108; 0% instances), amod (106; 0% instances), conj (106; 0% instances), acl (40; 0% instances), appos (38; 0% instances), ccomp (33; 0% instances), dobj (32; 0% instances), nsubj (19; 0% instances), vocative (12; 0% instances), nmod (11; 0% instances), parataxis (9; 0% instances), nsubjpass (4; 0% instances)

Parents of ADV nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: VERB (17335; 77% instances), ADJ (1630; 7% instances), NOUN (1225; 5% instances), ADV (684; 3% instances), PRON (581; 3% instances), ADP (289; 1% instances), PROPN (227; 1% instances), ROOT (222; 1% instances), SCONJ (116; 1% instances), NUM (86; 0% instances), CONJ (53; 0% instances), INTJ (22; 0% instances), DET (4; 0% instances)

20650 (92%) ADV nodes are leaves.

1238 (6%) ADV nodes have one child.

386 (2%) ADV nodes have two children.

200 (1%) ADV nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADV node is 14.

Children of ADV nodes are attached using 23 different relations: nsubj (488; 17% instances), advcl (234; 8% instances), det (219; 8% instances), remnant (212; 8% instances), iobj (191; 7% instances), advmod (190; 7% instances), nmod (190; 7% instances), cc (154; 6% instances), cop (149; 5% instances), discourse (146; 5% instances), neg (125; 4% instances), conj (124; 4% instances), case (84; 3% instances), dobj (82; 3% instances), appos (73; 3% instances), ccomp (68; 2% instances), mark (26; 1% instances), acl (14; 1% instances), vocative (12; 0% instances), amod (8; 0% instances), nummod (2; 0% instances), aux (1; 0% instances), parataxis (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADV nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: ADV (684; 24% instances), NOUN (634; 23% instances), VERB (537; 19% instances), DET (213; 8% instances), ADJ (182; 7% instances), PRON (158; 6% instances), CONJ (157; 6% instances), PROPN (96; 3% instances), ADP (85; 3% instances), SCONJ (27; 1% instances), NUM (13; 0% instances), INTJ (7; 0% instances)

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ADV in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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