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NOUN: noun

Definition

A noun can be defined in Ancient Greek as the PoS inflecting for case, number, and (typically one) gender. Some adjectives might be confused with nouns, they being very often used as substantivized adjectives (e.g., Ἀθηναῖος). In general, the LSJ should be used if doubt arises.

Examples

• λογεύς, έως, ὁ, “speaker”
• λῆμμα, ατος, τό, “anything received”
• ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό, “water”

References

Liddell, Henry George Liddell, and Robert Scott. 1940. A Greek-English lexicon. Revised by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Perseus Digital Library)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 6276 NOUN lemmas (39%), 14289 NOUN types (29%) and 45899 NOUN tokens (19%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of NOUN is: 1 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 1 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent NOUN lemmas: ἀνήρ, θεός, ναῦς, πόλις, χείρ, Ὀδυσσεύς, γυνή, λόγος, ζεύς, παῖς

The 10 most frequent NOUN types: θεῶν, πόλιν, ἀνδρῶν, Ὀδυσσεύς, ἀνθρώπων, Ζεὺς, πατρὸς, ἀνὴρ, χρόνον, Διὸς

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ναῦς (NOUN 520, ADV 1), φρήν (NOUN 197, ADJ 1), Ἕλλην (NOUN 167, ADJ 1), Ῥωμαῖος (NOUN 154, ADJ 7), βροτός (NOUN 116, ADJ 1), Καρχηδών (NOUN 109, ADJ 1), ξένος (NOUN 104, ADJ 37), Καρχηδόνιος (NOUN 102, ADJ 1), πλῆθος (NOUN 99, ADJ 2), βοῦς (NOUN 95, ADJ 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: Καρχηδονίων (NOUN 72, ADJ 1), Ἑλλήνων (NOUN 71, ADJ 1), Ῥωμαῖοι (NOUN 59, ADJ 1), Ἀθηναῖοι (NOUN 56, ADJ 1), χάριν (NOUN 51, ADP 10), Λακεδαιμόνιοι (NOUN 46, ADJ 1), ἀρχὴν (NOUN 42, ADV 2), ἡμέρας (NOUN 33, ADJ 1), εἷς (NOUN 31, ADJ 2, NUM 1), αἰτίας (NOUN 30, ADJ 2)

• Καρχηδονίων
  • NOUN 72: αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ τῶν Καρχηδονίων ἀπεχώρησαν εἰς τὰς Λιπαραίας καλουμένας νήσους .
  • ADJ 1: ὁ δὲ Ξέρξης ἁμιλλώμενος πρὸς τὴν τῶν Καρχηδονίων σπουδήν , ὑπερεβάλετο πάσαις ταῖς παρασκευαῖς τοσοῦτον ὅσον καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἐθνῶν ὑπερεῖχε Καρχηδονίων .
• Ἑλλήνων
  • NOUN 71: κεἰ παῤ Ἑλλήνων τινές , ἴτων πάλῳ λαχόντες , ὡς νομίζεται .
  • ADJ 1: ἐπὶ πέντε δὲ ἡμέρας ἐπετελέσθησαν οἱ γάμοι , καὶ ἐλειτούργησαν πάνυ πολλοὶ καὶ βαρβάρων καὶ Ἑλλήνων , καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς θαυματοποιοὶ ἦσαν διαπρέποντες , ἔτι δὲ Σκύμνος Ταραντῖνος καὶ Φιλιστίδης Συρακόσιος Ἡράκλειτός τε ὁ Μιτυληναῖος ·
• Ῥωμαῖοι
  • NOUN 59: οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι βαρέως μὲν ἔφερον τὸ γεγονός ·
  • ADJ 1: καλῶς ἄρα ποιοῦντες Ῥωμαῖοι οἱ πάντα ἄριστοι Ἀλκαῖον καὶ Φιλίσκον τοὺς Ἐπικουρείους ἐξέβαλον τῆς πόλεως , Λευκίου τοῦ Ποστουμίου ὑπατεύοντος , δἰ ἃς εἰσηγοῦντο ἡδονάς .
• Ἀθηναῖοι
  • NOUN 56: οἱ δὲ ἐκέλευόν τε παριέναι , καὶ παρελθόντες οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔλεγον τοιάδε .
  • ADJ 1: καὶ ἔδοσαν Ἀθηναῖοι ·
• χάριν
  • NOUN 51: καὶ μὴν ὀφείλων γ̓ ἂν τίνοιμ̓ αὐτῷ χάριν .
  • ADP 10: καὶ τοῦτο μὲν εἴρηται χάριν τοῦ γελοίου ·
• Λακεδαιμόνιοι
  • NOUN 46: Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ παραγενόμενοι κατέλυσαν τὴν δημοκρατίαν .
  • ADJ 1: ταῦτα εἰπόντος τοῦ κήρυκος , λέγεται Κῦρον ἐπειρέσθαι τοὺς παρεόντας οἱ Ἑλλήνων τινες ἐόντες ἄνθρωποι Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ κόσοι πλῆθος ταῦτα ἑωυτῷ προαγορεύουσι ·
• ἀρχὴν
  • NOUN 42: Πέρσαι κατά τινας καιροὺς μεγάλην ἀρχὴν κατεκτήσαντο καὶ δυναστείαν ·
  • ADV 2: καὶ ἀμφὶ μὲν τῷ νόμῳ τούτῳ ἐχέτω ὡς καὶ ἀρχὴν ἐνομίσθη , ἄνειμι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πρότερον λόγον .
• ἡμέρας
  • NOUN 33: ἔπειτα ὑφάψαι ἐκέλευσε τὴν πυράν , καὶ ἐκαίετο πεντεκαίδεκα ἡμέρας .
  • ADJ 1: αὗται δὲ τὰς μὲν ἡμέρας κοιμῶνται ἵνα νυκτὸς ἐγρηγορῶσι , τῆς δὲ νυκτὸς ᾄδουσαι καὶ ψάλλουσαι διατελοῦσι λύχνων καιομένων ·
• εἷς
  • NOUN 31: εἷς μόνος δ̓ ἱππεύς τις αὐτῆς τὸν βίον παρείλετο ·
  • ADJ 2: ὧν εἷς ὢν καὶ Ἄγνων χρυσοῦς ἥλους ἐν ταῖς κρηπῖσι ἐφόρει .
  • NUM 1: Ἀλεκτόρων δύο μαχομένων περὶ θηλειῶν ὀρνίθων , ὁ εἷς τὸν ἕτερον κατετροπώσατο .
• αἰτίας
  • NOUN 30: ἦ κἀπ̓ ἐμοὶ τρέποιτ̓ ἂν αἰτίας τέλος ;
  • ADJ 2: δέδρακα τοὔργον , εἴπερ ἥδ̓ ὁμορροθεῖ καὶ ξυμμετίσχω καὶ φέρω τῆς αἰτίας .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of NOUN is 2.276769 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.041201).

The 1st highest number of forms (39) was observed with the lemma “ναῦς”: νέα, νέας, νέες, νέεσσιν, νήεσσ̓, νήεσσι, νήεσσιν, ναυσί, ναυσίν, ναυσὶ, ναυσὶν, ναὸς, ναῒ, ναῦν, ναῦς, ναῶν, νεός, νεώς, νεὸς, νεὼς, νεῶν, νηί, νηυσί, νηυσίν, νηυσὶ, νηυσὶν, νηός, νηὶ, νηὸς, νηῒ, νηῦς, νηῶν, νᾶες, νῆ̓, νῆά, νῆάς, νῆα, νῆας, νῆες.

The 2nd highest number of forms (34) was observed with the lemma “χείρ”: χέρα, χέρας, χέρεσσιν, χέρσ̓, χείῤ, χείρεσσ̓, χείρεσσίν, χείρεσσι, χείρεσσιν, χειρί, χειροῖν, χειρός, χειρὶ, χειρὸς, χειρῶν, χερί, χεροῖν, χερσί, χερσίν, χερσὶ, χερσὶν, χερός, χερὶ, χερὸς, χερῶν, χεὶρ, χεῖῤ, χεῖρά, χεῖράς, χεῖρές, χεῖρα, χεῖρας, χεῖρε, χεῖρες.

The 3rd highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “ἀνήρ”: τἀνδρός, τἀνδρὶ, τἀνδρὸς, ἀνέῤ, ἀνέρα, ἀνέρας, ἀνέρες, ἀνέρι, ἀνέρος, ἀνέρων, ἀνήρ, ἀνδράσι, ἀνδράσιν, ἀνδρί, ἀνδροῖν, ἀνδρός, ἀνδρὶ, ἀνδρὸς, ἀνδρῶν, ἀνὴρ, ἁνήρ, ἁνὴρ, ἄνδῤ, ἄνδρα, ἄνδρας, ἄνδρε, ἄνδρες, ἄνδρεσσι, ἅνδρες, ὡνὴρ, ὦνδρες.

NOUN occurs with 3 features: Case (45893; 100% instances), Number (45891; 100% instances), Gender (45795; 100% instances)

NOUN occurs with 11 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Nom, Case=Voc, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing

NOUN occurs with 56 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing (4944 tokens). Examples: πόλιν, γαῖαν, νῆα, γῆν, δίκην, δύναμιν, γυναῖκα, χάριν, ἡμέραν, χώραν

Relations

NOUN nodes are attached to their parents using 13 different relations: nmod (15659; 34% instances), dobj (14477; 32% instances), nsubj (8959; 20% instances), conj (3723; 8% instances), iobj (1344; 3% instances), xcomp (822; 2% instances), nsubjpass (330; 1% instances), root (311; 1% instances), advmod (238; 1% instances), appos (19; 0% instances), case (15; 0% instances), amod (1; 0% instances), cc (1; 0% instances)

Parents of NOUN nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: VERB (31817; 69% instances), NOUN (9451; 21% instances), ADJ (2225; 5% instances), PRON (643; 1% instances), ADV (405; 1% instances), DET (330; 1% instances), ROOT (311; 1% instances), CONJ (266; 1% instances), PUNCT (238; 1% instances), ADP (106; 0% instances), SCONJ (99; 0% instances), NUM (7; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

11440 (25%) NOUN nodes are leaves.

17246 (38%) NOUN nodes have one child.

10790 (24%) NOUN nodes have two children.

6423 (14%) NOUN nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a NOUN node is 25.

Children of NOUN nodes are attached using 21 different relations: amod (14352; 23% instances), det (12471; 20% instances), case (9074; 15% instances), nmod (8457; 14% instances), punct (6180; 10% instances), advmod (3304; 5% instances), conj (3049; 5% instances), cc (2691; 4% instances), acl (1024; 2% instances), cop (618; 1% instances), nsubj (488; 1% instances), neg (133; 0% instances), xcomp (117; 0% instances), dobj (103; 0% instances), mark (79; 0% instances), iobj (54; 0% instances), advcl (49; 0% instances), appos (19; 0% instances), auxpass (3; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances), mwe (1; 0% instances)

Children of NOUN nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: ADJ (13264; 21% instances), DET (12529; 20% instances), NOUN (9451; 15% instances), ADP (9038; 15% instances), PUNCT (6234; 10% instances), VERB (3726; 6% instances), ADV (3078; 5% instances), CONJ (2347; 4% instances), PRON (2336; 4% instances), NUM (206; 0% instances), SCONJ (54; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 2986 NOUN lemmas (32%), 7547 NOUN types (23%) and 34445 NOUN tokens (17%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of NOUN is: 1 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 2 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent NOUN lemmas: θεός, κύριος, ἄνθρωπος, ἀνήρ, λόγος, ἡμέρα, πατήρ, γυνή, βασιλεύς, πόλις

The 10 most frequent NOUN types: θεοῦ, θεὸς, κυρίου, λόγον, θεῷ, πόλιν, κύριος, ἀνθρώπων, γῆς, πνεῦμα

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: κύριος (NOUN 673, ADJ 4), Πέρσης (NOUN 307, PROPN 1), δοῦλος (NOUN 129, ADJ 3), Ἴων (NOUN 126, PROPN 1), Λυδός (NOUN 96, PROPN 2), δικαιοσύνη (NOUN 84, ADJ 1), Μῆδος (NOUN 82, ADJ 1), θύρα (NOUN 49, VERB 1), φίλος (NOUN 45, ADJ 7), Σκύθης (NOUN 44, PROPN 4)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: νέας (NOUN 71, ADJ 2), χάριν (NOUN 40, ADP 7), ὥρα (NOUN 31, VERB 7), δικαιοσύνης (NOUN 29, ADJ 1), ἀρχήν (NOUN 21, ADV 1), ἡμέρης (NOUN 21, ADJ 1), δόξῃ (NOUN 20, VERB 2), βαρβάρων (NOUN 19, ADJ 1), Πέρσην (NOUN 17, PROPN 1), ἱρὸν (NOUN 17, ADJ 3)

• νέας
  • NOUN 71: ἐς τοῦτον τὸν αἰγιαλὸν κατασχόντες τὰς νέας ἀνέψυχον ἀνελκύσαντες
  • ADJ 2: πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως ἐν καταστήματι ἱεροπρεπεῖς μὴ διαβόλους μὴ οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας καλοδιδασκάλους ἵνα σωφρονίζωσιν τὰς νέας φιλάνδρους εἶναι φιλοτέκνους σώφρονας ἁγνάς οἰκουργούς ἀγαθάς ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται
• χάριν
  • NOUN 40: μὴ ἔχει χάριν τῷ δούλῳ ὅτι ἐποίησεν τὰ διαταχθέντα
  • ADP 7: οὗ χάριν λέγω σοι
• ὥρα
  • NOUN 31: ἔρημός ἐστιν ὁ τόπος καὶ ἡ ὥρα παρῆλθεν ἤδη
  • VERB 7: τοὺς μὲν δὴ ὥρα γυμναζομένους τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς δὲ τὰς κόμας κτενιζομένους
• δικαιοσύνης
  • NOUN 29: ἡμεῖς γὰρ πνεύματι ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα
  • ADJ 1: πᾶς γὰρ ὁ μετέχων γάλακτος ἄπειρος λόγου δικαιοσύνης
• ἀρχήν
  • NOUN 21: ἀρχήν γὰρ ἐγὼ μηχανήσομαι οὕτω ὥστε μηδέ μαθεῖν μιν ὀφθεῖσαν ὑπὸ σεῦ
  • ADV 1: ἐπὶ δὲ Κύζικον οὐδὲ ἔπλωσαν ἀρχήν
• ἡμέρης
  • NOUN 21: ἐγίνετο δὲ ἡ συμβολὴ δι’ ἡμέρης
  • ADJ 1: ἡ δὲ Πυθίη οὐδέτερα τούτων ἔα ἀλλὰ ξύλου ἡμέρης ἐλαίης
• δόξῃ
  • NOUN 20: οὐδὲ Σολομὼν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ περιεβάλετο ὡς ἓν τούτων
  • VERB 2: μή τίς με δόξῃ ἄφρονα εἶναι
• βαρβάρων
  • NOUN 19: ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ κατ’ ἐμὲ πολλοὶ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐς τοιαύτας διφθέρας γράφουσι
  • ADJ 1: ταύτην τὴν μάχην ὅσαι δὴ βαρβάρων ἀνδρῶν μάχαι ἐγένοντο κρίνω ἰσχυροτάτην γενέσθαι καὶ δὴ καὶ πυνθάνομαι οὕτω τοῦτο γενόμενον
• Πέρσην
  • NOUN 17: ὃ δ’ ἐλθὼν παραιτέετο τὸν Πέρσην
  • PROPN 1: ἐπεὶ δὲ Περσεὺς ὁ Δανάης τε καὶ Διὸς ἀπίκετο παρὰ Κηφέα τὸν Βήλου καὶ ἔσχε αὐτοῦ τὴν θυγατέρα Ἀνδρομέδην γίνεται αὐτῷ παῖς τῷ οὔνομα ἔθετο Πέρσην
• ἱρὸν
  • NOUN 17: τῷ δὲ Λυκούργῳ τελευτήσαντι ἱρὸν εἱσάμενοι σέβονται μεγάλως
  • ADJ 3: γίνεται γὰρ ἱρὸν τοῦτο τὸ ἀργύριον

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of NOUN is 2.527461 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.412038).

The 1st highest number of forms (25) was observed with the lemma “ἀδελφός”: ἀδελφέ, ἀδελφεοί, ἀδελφεούς, ἀδελφεοὶ, ἀδελφεοὺς, ἀδελφεοῖσι, ἀδελφεοῦ, ἀδελφεόν, ἀδελφεός, ἀδελφεὸν, ἀδελφεὸς, ἀδελφεῶν, ἀδελφεῷ, ἀδελφοί, ἀδελφούς, ἀδελφοὶ, ἀδελφοὺς, ἀδελφοῖς, ἀδελφοῦ, ἀδελφόν, ἀδελφός, ἀδελφὸν, ἀδελφὸς, ἀδελφῶν, ἀδελφῷ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (18) was observed with the lemma “γυνή”: γυνή, γυναικί, γυναικός, γυναικὶ, γυναικὸς, γυναικῶν, γυναιξί, γυναιξίν, γυναιξὶ, γυναιξὶν, γυναῖκά, γυναῖκάς, γυναῖκές, γυναῖκα, γυναῖκας, γυναῖκες, γυνὴ, γύναι.

The 3rd highest number of forms (16) was observed with the lemma “θεός”: θεέ, θεοί, θεούς, θεοὶ, θεοὺς, θεοῖς, θεοῖσι, θεοῖσιν, θεοῦ, θεόν, θεός, θεὸν, θεὸς, θεῶ, θεῶν, θεῷ.

NOUN occurs with 3 features: Case (34381; 100% instances), Number (34381; 100% instances), Gender (34380; 100% instances)

NOUN occurs with 12 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Nom, Case=Voc, Gender=Fem, Gender=Fem,Masc, Gender=Masc, Gender=Masc,Neut, Gender=Neut, Number=Plur, Number=Sing

NOUN occurs with 43 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing (3805 tokens). Examples: πόλιν, γῆν, θάλασσαν, γυναῖκα, βασιλείαν, ὁδὸν, ἐξουσίαν, ἡμέραν, πίστιν, χώρην

Relations

NOUN nodes are attached to their parents using 18 different relations: nmod (9963; 29% instances), dobj (6507; 19% instances), nsubj (5409; 16% instances), iobj (4858; 14% instances), conj (2824; 8% instances), appos (1196; 3% instances), nsubjpass (961; 3% instances), root (753; 2% instances), xcomp (562; 2% instances), vocative (560; 2% instances), remnant (393; 1% instances), advcl (190; 1% instances), ccomp (133; 0% instances), advmod (100; 0% instances), parataxis (21; 0% instances), aux (8; 0% instances), csubjpass (6; 0% instances), dep (1; 0% instances)

Parents of NOUN nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: VERB (22209; 64% instances), NOUN (7251; 21% instances), ADJ (1718; 5% instances), PROPN (950; 3% instances), ROOT (753; 2% instances), ADV (634; 2% instances), PRON (579; 2% instances), NUM (136; 0% instances), ADP (96; 0% instances), CONJ (43; 0% instances), SCONJ (41; 0% instances), INTJ (30; 0% instances), DET (3; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)

6098 (18%) NOUN nodes are leaves.

12042 (35%) NOUN nodes have one child.

10038 (29%) NOUN nodes have two children.

6267 (18%) NOUN nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a NOUN node is 29.

Children of NOUN nodes are attached using 26 different relations: det (18160; 33% instances), nmod (12252; 22% instances), case (8238; 15% instances), amod (3063; 6% instances), cc (3020; 5% instances), conj (2820; 5% instances), acl (1685; 3% instances), cop (1020; 2% instances), appos (954; 2% instances), nummod (859; 2% instances), nsubj (790; 1% instances), discourse (660; 1% instances), advmod (483; 1% instances), remnant (419; 1% instances), neg (201; 0% instances), mark (172; 0% instances), advcl (159; 0% instances), ccomp (137; 0% instances), iobj (84; 0% instances), vocative (53; 0% instances), dobj (19; 0% instances), parataxis (9; 0% instances), aux (4; 0% instances), mwe (3; 0% instances), dep (2; 0% instances), xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of NOUN nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: DET (18159; 33% instances), ADP (8245; 15% instances), NOUN (7251; 13% instances), ADJ (5703; 10% instances), PRON (5138; 9% instances), VERB (3599; 7% instances), CONJ (3024; 5% instances), PROPN (1712; 3% instances), ADV (1225; 2% instances), NUM (916; 2% instances), SCONJ (176; 0% instances), INTJ (117; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)

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NOUN in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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