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SCONJ: subordinating conjunction

Definition

A subordinating conjunction is an invariable word introducing a subordinate clause, i.e., a clause which is dependent on a superordinate clause. A list of subordinate conjunctions can be found in Smyth 1920: 631 (and references therein).

Examples

• ὅτι “that”
• εἰ “if”
• ὅτε “when”

References

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company (Perseus Digital Library; Internet Archive).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 68 SCONJ lemmas (0%), 115 SCONJ types (0%) and 3838 SCONJ tokens (2%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of SCONJ is: 6 in number of lemmas, 7 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent SCONJ lemmas: ὡς, εἰ, ἐπεί, ὅτι, ὥστε, ὅτε, ὅπως, ἤ, ἵνα, ἐάν

The 10 most frequent SCONJ types: ὡς, εἰ, ἐπεὶ, ὅτι, εἴ, ὅτε, ὥστε, ἢ, ὅπως, ἵνα

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ὡς (ADV 811, SCONJ 765, CONJ 69, ADP 9, INTJ 3), εἰ (SCONJ 684, CONJ 12, INTJ 8), ἐπεί (SCONJ 445, CONJ 5, ADV 3), ὅτι (SCONJ 283, ADV 7, CONJ 7), ὥστε (SCONJ 178, ADV 48, CONJ 1), ὅτε (SCONJ 166, ADV 29, CONJ 4), ὅπως (SCONJ 144, CONJ 9, ADV 7), ἤ (CONJ 472, SCONJ 139, ADV 40), ἵνα (SCONJ 131, ADV 15, CONJ 7), ἐάν (SCONJ 128, CONJ 6, ADV 3)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ὡς (SCONJ 673, ADV 351, CONJ 49, ADP 9, INTJ 3), εἰ (SCONJ 464, INTJ 7, CONJ 7), ἐπεὶ (SCONJ 292, CONJ 4, ADV 2), ὅτι (SCONJ 259, PRON 7, ADV 6, CONJ 3), εἴ (SCONJ 167, CONJ 3), ὅτε (SCONJ 148, ADV 14, CONJ 2), ὥστε (SCONJ 145, ADV 29, CONJ 1), ἢ (CONJ 349, SCONJ 134, ADV 43, PRON 1), ὅπως (SCONJ 116, ADV 6, CONJ 5), ἵνα (SCONJ 100, ADV 10, CONJ 2)

• ὡς
  • SCONJ 673: γνώσῃ δὲ τάδ̓ ὡς ἔτυμ̓ , οὐ δὲ μάτην χαριτογλωσσεῖν ἔνι μοι ·
  • ADV 351: ἐκερτόμησας δῆθεν ὡς παῖδ̓ ὄντα με .
  • CONJ 49: γένοιτο δ̓ ὡς ἄριστα σὺν θεῶν δόσει .
  • ADP 9: καὶ ἐλθόντες οἴκαδε ὡς ἐμέ , ἀναβάντες εἰς τὸ ὑπερῷον ἐδειπνοῦμεν .
  • INTJ 3: ὡς πάντ̓ ἄγαν αἰνικτὰ κἀσαφῆ λέγεις .
• εἰ
  • SCONJ 464: εἰ δ̓ ἔχεις εἰπεῖν ὅ τι λοιπὸν πόνων , σήμαινε ·
  • INTJ 7: ” εἰ γὰρ ἐπ̓ ἀρῇσιν τέλος ἡμετέρῃσι γένοιτο ·
  • CONJ 7: αἰτουμένῳ μοι κοῦφον εἰ δοίης τέλος .
• ἐπεὶ
  • SCONJ 292: ἐπεὶ προθυμῇ , χρὴ λέγειν .
  • CONJ 4: ἐπεὶ δίδαξον , ἢ μάθ̓ ἐξ ἐμοῦ , τί μοι κέρδος γένοιτ̓ ἂν τῶνδε ληξάσῃ γόων .
  • ADV 2: ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ τὸν πολὺν οἶνον εἰς τὸ μεθύειν παρεσκευάσατο .
• ὅτι
  • SCONJ 259: οἶδ̓ ὅτι τραχὺς καὶ παῤ ἑαυτῷ τὸ δίκαιον ἔχων Ζεύς .
  • PRON 7: χρῆν γὰρ οὐκ εἰ ἀδικούμεθα ἔτι σκοπεῖν , ἀλλὰ καθ̓ ὅτι ἀμυνούμεθα ·
  • ADV 6: ὅτι τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς πολιτείας εἰς τὸν Πύθιον ἀνῆψε .
  • CONJ 3: ἐπερωτήσαντος δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν ὀργίζομαί σοι , εἶπεν , ὅτι πολλὰς ἔχεις .
• εἴ
  • SCONJ 167: δίδαξον ἡμᾶς , εἴ τι μὴ βλάπτει λόγῳ .
  • CONJ 3: ἐπί τοι πρέπει ὄμμασιν αἰδὼς καὶ χάρις , ὡς εἴ πέρ τε θεμιστοπόλων βασιλήων .
• ὅτε
  • SCONJ 148: Θεολύτην δ̓ οὐδ̓ οἶδεν οὐδεὶς ὅτε τὸ πρῶτον ἐγένετο .
  • ADV 14: ὅτε καὶ δἰ ὀργὴν ἀπέκειρε τὸν ἐρώμενον .
  • CONJ 2: καὶ γὰρ νῦν , ὅτε πού τις ἐπιχθονίων ἀνθρώπων ἔρδων ἱερὰ καλὰ κατὰ νόμον ἱλάσκηται , κικλῄσκει Ἑκάτην .
• ὥστε
  • SCONJ 145: κρίνω δέ τοί νιν ὥστε συγκόλλως ἔχειν .
  • ADV 29: ἔκυρσας ὥστε τοξότης ἄκρος σκοποῦ ·
  • CONJ 1: οὗτος τῷ Ξέρξῃ προσελθὼν ἐπηγγείλατο διά τινος ἀτραποῦ στενῆς καὶ παρακρήμνου τοὺς Πέρσας ὁδηγήσειν , ὥστε γενέσθαι τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῷ κατόπιν τῶν περὶ τὸν Λεωνίδην , καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ περιληφθέντας αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ μέσον ῥᾳδίως ἀναιρεθήσεσθαι .
• ἢ
  • CONJ 349: ἢ οὐκ οἶσθ̓ ἀκριβῶς ὢν περισσόφρων ὅτι γλώσσῃ ματαίᾳ ζημία προστρίβεται ;
  • SCONJ 134: πολλῷ γ̓ ἀμείνων τοὺς πέλας φρενοῦν ἔφυς ἢ σαυτόν ·
  • ADV 43: ἢ δυοῖν χάριν ταῦτα περιφέρουσιν ·
  • PRON 1: ἢ δ̓ ὑποκυσαμένη Ἑκάτην τέκε , τὴν περὶ πάντων Ζεὺς Κρονίδης τίμησε ·
• ὅπως
  • SCONJ 116: σεαυτὸν σῷζ̓ ὅπως ἐπίστασαι ·
  • ADV 6: ἔπειτ̓ οὐκ οἶδ̓ ὅπως κατεδέξαντο .
  • CONJ 5: ὅπως δ̓ ἄριστα τὸν ἐμὸν αἰδοῖον πόσιν σπεύσω πάλιν μολόντα δέξασθαι ·
• ἵνα
  • SCONJ 100: τοῦτο δ̓ ἦν ἵνα μή τι λυπήσειε τὸν ἐραστὴν φιλῶν .
  • ADV 10: ἐξήκεις δ̓ ἵνα φανεῖς ὁποῖος ὢν ἀνὴρ ἐμὸς καλεῖ .
  • CONJ 2: αὐτοῦ δὴ ὦν τούτου εἵνεκεν ἐσεσόφιστο , ἵνα τῷ Κροίσῳ ἄχρηστον ᾖ τὸ ἱππικόν , τῷ δή τι καὶ ἐπεῖχε ἐλλάμψεσθαι ὁ Λυδός .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of SCONJ is 1.691176 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.041201).

The 1st highest number of forms (8) was observed with the lemma “εἰ”: αἰ, αἴ, εἰ, εἲ, εἴ, εἴγε, κεἰ, κεἴ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (8) was observed with the lemma “ἐάν”: κἂν, ἂν, ἄν, ἄνπερ, ἐάν, ἐὰν, ἢν, ἤν.

The 3rd highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “ἐπεί”: κἀπεὶ, ἐπεί, ἐπείτε, ἐπειδή, ἐπειδήπερ, ἐπειδὴ, ἐπεὶ.

SCONJ does not occur with any features.

Relations

SCONJ nodes are attached to their parents using 1 different relations: mark (3838; 100% instances)

Parents of SCONJ nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: VERB (3430; 89% instances), ADJ (199; 5% instances), PUNCT (83; 2% instances), ADV (56; 1% instances), NOUN (54; 1% instances), PRON (7; 0% instances), CONJ (6; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

3605 (94%) SCONJ nodes are leaves.

163 (4%) SCONJ nodes have one child.

51 (1%) SCONJ nodes have two children.

19 (0%) SCONJ nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a SCONJ node is 4.

Children of SCONJ nodes are attached using 12 different relations: nsubj (67; 21% instances), dobj (52; 16% instances), advmod (50; 15% instances), punct (48; 15% instances), xcomp (37; 11% instances), nmod (30; 9% instances), neg (18; 6% instances), advcl (12; 4% instances), iobj (9; 3% instances), acl (1; 0% instances), amod (1; 0% instances), mark (1; 0% instances)

Children of SCONJ nodes belong to 8 different parts of speech: NOUN (99; 30% instances), ADJ (54; 17% instances), VERB (50; 15% instances), PUNCT (49; 15% instances), ADV (42; 13% instances), PRON (24; 7% instances), CONJ (7; 2% instances), ADP (1; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 37 SCONJ lemmas (0%), 63 SCONJ types (0%) and 3991 SCONJ tokens (2%). Out of 13 observed tags, the rank of SCONJ is: 9 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent SCONJ lemmas: ὅτι, ἵνα, εἰ, ὡς, ἐάν, ἐπεί, ὅτε, ὅπως, ὥστε, ἕως

The 10 most frequent SCONJ types: ὅτι, ἵνα, εἰ, ὡς, ἐὰν, ὅτε, ἐπείτε, εἴ, ὥστε, ἢν

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ὅτι (SCONJ 1178, ADV 3), ἵνα (SCONJ 660, ADV 9), εἰ (SCONJ 562, ADV 10), ὡς (ADV 590, SCONJ 437), ἐπεί (SCONJ 156, ADV 11), ὅτε (SCONJ 103, ADV 10), ὅπως (SCONJ 99, ADV 10), ὥστε (SCONJ 87, ADV 43), ἕως (ADP 84, SCONJ 63), πρίν (SCONJ 45, ADV 4)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ὅτι (SCONJ 1178, ADV 76), ἵνα (SCONJ 659, ADV 9), εἰ (SCONJ 456, ADV 83), ὡς (ADV 584, SCONJ 404), ἐὰν (SCONJ 200, ADV 58), ὅτε (SCONJ 97, ADV 10), εἴ (SCONJ 92, ADV 2), ὥστε (SCONJ 86, ADV 42), ἕως (ADP 84, SCONJ 63), ἐπεὶ (SCONJ 54, ADV 9)

• ὅτι
  • SCONJ 1178: μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσιν τήν γῆν
  • ADV 76: ὅτι μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει
• ἵνα
  • SCONJ 659: κύριε οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς ἵνα μου ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην εἰσέλθῃς
  • ADV 9: ἐνθαῦτα λειμών ἐστι ἵνα σφι ἀγορή τε ἐγίνετο καὶ πρητήριον
• εἰ
  • SCONJ 456: καὶ εἰ μὴ ἐκολοβώθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι ἐκεῖναι οὐκ ἂν ἐσώθη πᾶσα σάρξ
  • ADV 83: οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ
• ὡς
  • ADV 584: θέλω δὲ τούτῳ τῷ ἐσχάτῳ δοῦναι ὡς καὶ σοί
  • SCONJ 404: ὡς δὲ ἐβαπτίσθη καὶ ὁ οἶκος αὐτῆς παρεκάλεσεν λέγουσα
• ἐὰν
  • SCONJ 200: ἐὰν μόνον ἅψωμαι τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ σωθήσομαι
  • ADV 58: ὅπου ἐὰν ᾖ τὸ πτῶμα ἐκεῖ συναχθήσονται οἱ ἀετοί
• ὅτε
  • SCONJ 97: Καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε ἐτέλεσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς παραβολὰς ταύτας μετῆρεν ἐκεῖθεν
  • ADV 10: λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐ μὴ ἴδητέ με ἕως ἥξει ὅτε εἴπητε
• εἴ
  • SCONJ 92: ὁ δὲ βουλευσάμενος αἰσχρῶς εἴ οἱ ἡ τύχη ἐπίσποιτο εὕρημα εὕρηκε
  • ADV 2: πᾶς λόγος σαπρὸς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν μὴ ἐκπορευέσθω ἀλλὰ εἴ τις ἀγαθὸς πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν τῆς χρείας ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν
• ὥστε
  • SCONJ 86: καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτόν ὥστε τὸν κωφὸν λαλεῖν καὶ βλέπειν
  • ADV 42: ὥστε οἱ ἐκ πίστεως εὐλογοῦνται σὺν τῷ πιστῷ Ἀβραάμ
• ἕως
  • ADP 84: ὃ ἐάν με αἰτήσῃς δώσω σοι ἕως ἡμίσους τῆς βασιλείας μου
  • SCONJ 63: οὐ μὴ ἐξέλθῃς ἐκεῖθεν ἕως καὶ τὸ ἔσχατον λεπτὸν ἀποδῷς
• ἐπεὶ
  • SCONJ 54: πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο ἐπεὶ ἄνδρα οὐ γινώσκω
  • ADV 9: ἐπεὶ ὠφείλετε ἄρα ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου ἐξελθεῖν

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of SCONJ is 1.702703 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.412038).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “ἐάν”: ἂν, ἄν, ἐάν, ἐὰν, ἢν, ἤν.

The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “εἰ”: αἰ, εἰ, εἲ, εἴ.

The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “ἐπεί”: ἐπεί, ἐπείτε, ἐπεὶ, ἐπεῖ.

SCONJ does not occur with any features.

Relations

SCONJ nodes are attached to their parents using 11 different relations: mark (3818; 96% instances), ccomp (86; 2% instances), advmod (35; 1% instances), advcl (10; 0% instances), conj (10; 0% instances), csubjpass (10; 0% instances), appos (7; 0% instances), root (7; 0% instances), aux (6; 0% instances), acl (1; 0% instances), remnant (1; 0% instances)

Parents of SCONJ nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (3502; 88% instances), ADJ (192; 5% instances), NOUN (176; 4% instances), PRON (43; 1% instances), ADV (27; 1% instances), PROPN (26; 1% instances), SCONJ (10; 0% instances), NUM (7; 0% instances), ROOT (7; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances)

3699 (93%) SCONJ nodes are leaves.

200 (5%) SCONJ nodes have one child.

52 (1%) SCONJ nodes have two children.

40 (1%) SCONJ nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a SCONJ node is 6.

Children of SCONJ nodes are attached using 15 different relations: mwe (77; 18% instances), cc (76; 17% instances), conj (67; 15% instances), advmod (46; 10% instances), neg (38; 9% instances), discourse (34; 8% instances), nsubj (26; 6% instances), remnant (25; 6% instances), nmod (22; 5% instances), dobj (12; 3% instances), iobj (8; 2% instances), advcl (6; 1% instances), appos (1; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances), det (1; 0% instances)

Children of SCONJ nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: ADV (116; 26% instances), PRON (101; 23% instances), CONJ (76; 17% instances), VERB (68; 15% instances), NOUN (41; 9% instances), ADJ (19; 4% instances), SCONJ (10; 2% instances), NUM (4; 1% instances), PROPN (4; 1% instances), DET (1; 0% instances)

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SCONJ in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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