case: case marking
Armenian uses a combination of oblique morphological cases and adpositions to express semantic case. Adpositions are treated as dependents of the nouns they attach to. The relation between the noun and the adposition is labeled case.
# visual-style 4 3 case color:blue
1 Հինգ հինգ NUM _ NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 2 nummod _ Translit=Hing|LTranslit=hing
2 վայրկեանի վայրկեան NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Translit=vayrkeani|LTranslit=vayrkean
3 չափ չափ ADP _ AdpType=Post 2 case _ Translit=čap’|LTranslit=čap’
4 անցաւ անցնիլ VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 0 root _ Translit=anc’aw|LTranslit=anc’nil|SpaceAfter=No
5 ։ ։ PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ Translit=.|LTranslit=.
# visual-style 2 3 case color:blue
1 Ոտքին ոտք NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 2 nmod:poss _ Translit=Otk’in|LTranslit=otk’
2 ծայրերուն ծայր NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Number=Plur 4 obl _ Translit=çayrerown|LTranslit=çayr
3 վրայ վրայ ADP _ AdpType=Post 2 case _ Translit=vray|LTranslit=vray
4 կոխելով կոխել VERB _ Case=Ins|Definite=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 5 advcl _ Translit=koxelov|LTranslit=koxel
5 գնաց երթալ VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 0 root _ Translit=gnac’|LTranslit=ert’al
6 նստիլ նստիլ VERB _ Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid 5 xcomp _ Translit=nstil|LTranslit=nstil
7 անկողնին անկողին NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 8 nmod:poss _ Translit=ankoġnin|LTranslit=ankoġin
8 եզրը եզր NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 6 obl _ Translit=ezrë|LTranslit=ezr
We also use case for certain case-marking elements that are treated as separate syntactic words and historically derive from a closed set of nouns, adjectives/participles, or adverbs. These elements, traditionally known as “adpositional words”, are treated as dependents of the noun or clause they attach to or introduce and are tagged ADP. When they retain their basic lexical function rather than functioning as adpositions, they are tagged and annotated according to that function.
# visual-style 1 2 case color:blue
1 Խօսակցութեան խօսակցութիւն NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 5 obl _ Translit=Xòsakc’owt’ean|LTranslit=xòsakc’owt’iwn
2 միջոցին միջոցին ADP _ AdpType=Post 1 case _ Translit=miǰoc’in|LTranslit=miǰoc’in|SpaceAfter=No
3 ՝ ՝ PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ Translit=,|LTranslit=,
4 Թորգոմ Թորգոմ PROPN _ Animacy=Hum|Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|NameType=Giv|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ Translit=T’orgom|LTranslit=T’orgom
5 յայտնեց յայտնել VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ Translit=yaytnec’|LTranslit=yaytnel
# visual-style 2 3 case color:blue
1 Այս այս DET _ Deixis=Prox|PronType=Dem 2 det _ Translit=Ays|LTranslit=ays
2 տրամադրութեան տրամադրութիւն NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Translit=tramadrowt’ean|LTranslit=tramadrowt’iwn
3 ներքեւ ներքեւ ADP _ AdpType=Post 2 case _ Translit=nerk’ew|LTranslit=nerk’ew
4 գտնուող գտնուիլ VERB _ Aspect=Dur|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid 5 acl _ Translit=gtnowoġ|LTranslit=gtnowil
5 մէկու մէկ PRON _ Case=Dat|Definite=Ind|PronType=Ind 9 obl _ Translit=mēkow|LTranslit=mēk
6 մը մը DET _ PronType=Art 5 det _ Translit=më|LTranslit=më
7 հետ հետ ADP _ AdpType=Post 5 case _ Translit=het|LTranslit=het
8 ճամբայ ճամբայ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 9 compound:lvc _ Translit=č̣ambay|LTranslit=č̣ambay
9 քալելը քալել VERB _ Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid 11 csubj _ Translit=k’alelë|LTranslit=k’alel
10 հաճելի հաճելի ADJ _ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ Translit=hač̣eli|LTranslit=hač̣eli
11 բան բան NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 0 root _ Translit=ban|LTranslit=ban
12 մը մը DET _ PronType=Art 11 det _ Translit=më|LTranslit=më
13 չէր եմ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 11 cop _ Translit=čēr|LTranslit=em|SpaceAfter=No
Some inflected postpositions / localizers (traditionally known as “improper adpositions”), are labeled with case:loc instead.
case in other languages: [axm] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gsw] [gub] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [ky] [lt] [naq] [no] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [xcl] [yue] [zh]