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case: case marking

The case relation in Scottish Gaelic is used to attach prepositions to the words they qualify. These are in turn related to their heads with:

• the nmod relation, if their head is a nominal
• xcomp:pred if it is the predicate of bi
• csubj:cleft if it is a cleft
• obl if it is another sort of clause or complement.

There is a small set of simple prepositions (English translations very approximate):

• à ‘out of’
• aig ‘at’
• air ‘on’,
• an, ‘in’. Usually in modern Gaelic this is ann an for indefinite nominals or anns an for definite nominals.
• bho/o ‘from’,
• de ‘of’,
• do ‘for’,
• eadar ‘between’
• fo ‘under’,
• gu ‘to’,
• gun ‘without’,
• le ‘with’,
• mu ‘about’
• os ‘above’
• ri ‘to, against’
• ro ‘before’
• tro ‘through’

and the aspectual marker ag.

There is a large class of compound prepositions which consist of a preposition plus a noun. The nominal the compound preposition marks is then typically in the genitive.

• an dèidh ‘after’
• os cionn ‘above’
• o chionn ‘since’
• ri linn ‘in the time of’, ‘because of’

Some of these are treated as fixed expressions. See fixed for a full list of those to be found in the ARCOSG corpus.

There is more discussion at https://leacan.gla.ac.uk/leacan/index.php?xx=prepositions/prepositions

See also case:voc for the vocative particle a.

Examples

Marking a nominal

Air an là mu dheireadh ‘on the last day’ (pw10_037, train)

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
Air an là mu dheireadh \n on the day about end
case(Air,là)
det(an,là)
amod(mu,là)
fixed(dheireadh,mu)
{
    "text": "Air an là mu dheireadh \n on the day about end ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 10, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 13, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 25, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 28, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 32, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 36, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 42, 45 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "amod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R4", "fixed", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

Marking a pronoun

cha tàinig e faisg oirnn is eh ‘he did not come close to us and eh’ (p01_008b, train)

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
1	cha	cha	PART	Qn	PartType=Vb|Polarity=Neg	2	mark:prt	_	_
2	tàinig	thig	VERB	V-s--d	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	e	e	PRON	Pp3sm	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
4	faisg	faisg	ADJ	Ap	_	2	xcomp:pred	_	_
5-6	oirnn	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_
5	air	air	ADP	Sp	_	6	case	_	_
6	sinn	sinn	PRON	Pp1p	Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	_
7	is	is	CCONJ	Cc	_	8	cc	_	_
8	eh	eh	INTJ	I	_	2	conj	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "PART", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 4, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "PRON", [ [ 11, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "ADJ", [ [ 13, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "ADP", [ [ 19, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "PRON", [ [ 23, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "CCONJ", [ [ 28, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "INTJ", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-A1", "PartType", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Vb" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A2", "Polarity", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Neg" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A3", "Mood", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A4", "Tense", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Past" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A5", "VerbForm", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A6", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A7", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A8", "Person", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "3" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A9", "PronType", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Prs" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A10", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T6", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A11", "Person", "embedded-2-S1-T6", "1" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A12", "PronType", "embedded-2-S1-T6", "Prs" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R0", "mark:prt", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R3", "xcomp:pred", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R4", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R5", "obl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R6", "cc", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R7", "conj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: cha" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Qn" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: thig" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: V-s--d" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: e" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Pp3sm" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: faisg" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Ap" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: air" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Sp" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: sinn" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Pp1p" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: is" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: Cc" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: eh" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: I" ] ],
    "styles": [],
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ],
    "text": "cha tàinig e faisg air sinn is eh\ncha tàinig e faisg oirnn is eh",
    "error": true
}

chan urrainn dhomh sin a fhreagairt ‘I can’t answer that’ (p07_003, train)

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input
    
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info
  
chan urrainn dhomh sin a fhreagairt \n NEG-COP possibility to me that PART answer
cop(chan, urrainn)
nmod(dhomh, urrainn)
{
    "text": "chan urrainn dhomh sin a fhreagairt \n NEG-COP possibility to me that PART answer ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 19, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 23, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 25, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 38, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 46, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 58, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 61, 63 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 64, 68 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T13", "token", [ [ 69, 73 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T14", "token", [ [ 74, 80 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T2" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

Marking a verbal noun

gu bhith a’ riaghladh an dèidh an ath thaghaidh ‘to be governing after the next election’ (pw10_037, train)

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
gu bhith a' riaghladh an dèidh an ath thaghaidh \n to be ASP governing in after the next election
case(a', riaghladh)
xcomp:pred(riaghladh, bhith)
case(gu, bhith)
{
    "text": "gu bhith a' riaghladh an dèidh an ath thaghaidh \n to be ASP governing in after the next election ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 22, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 25, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 38, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 50, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T12", "token", [ [ 53, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T13", "token", [ [ 56, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T14", "token", [ [ 60, 69 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T15", "token", [ [ 70, 72 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T16", "token", [ [ 73, 78 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T17", "token", [ [ 79, 82 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T18", "token", [ [ 83, 87 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T19", "token", [ [ 88, 96 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "xcomp:pred", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R3", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

---

case in other languages: [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gsw] [gub] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [ky] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [xcl] [yue] [zh]

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