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UD Nheengatu CompLin

Language: Nheengatu (code: yrl)
Family: Tupian

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.11 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar.

Repository: UD_Nheengatu-CompLin
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.15

License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Genre: spoken, bible, fiction, nonfiction, grammar-examples

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Nheengatu-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [leonel • de • alencar (æt) ufc • br]. Development of the treebank happens outside the UD repository. If there are bugs, either the original data source or the conversion procedure must be fixed. Do not submit pull requests against the UD repository.

Annotation Source
Lemmas annotated manually
UPOS annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS annotated manually
Features annotated manually, natively in UD style
Relations annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

The UD_Nheengatu-CompLin is a treebank of Nheengatu or Nhengatu (ISO-639: yrl), also known, inter alia, as Modern Tupi and Língua Geral Amazônica. It comprises sentences from diverse published sources, e.g., spontaneous speech, grammatical descriptions, fables, myths, coursebooks, and dictionaries.

To our knowledge, this is the first treebank of Nheengatu. It is a work in progress. The initial release only contained a couple hundred sentences. This new release encompasses more than nine times that number. We plan to continually expand the resource in the next months.

The treebank comprises sentences from diverse published sources freely available on the Internet, e.g., grammatical descriptions, fables, coursebooks, and dictionaries. The sentences were either extracted from PDF text files, transcribed from non-searchable (image-only) PDF files, or manually converted to orthography from phonetic transcriptions. Throughout the treebank, we use the spelling system proposed by Avila (2021). The annotation was performed semi-automatically, i.e., we first applied the Yauti morphosyntactic analyzer (de Alencar 2023) to each sentence and then manually revised the output.

The development of this treebank and related tools and resources is part of the research activities of the Research Group on Computation and Natural Language (Computação e Linguagem Natural — CompLin) at the Humanities Center of the Federal University of Ceará in Brazil. The main contributor to this effort is Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar, coordinator of the CompLin group. Additional annotators include Dominick Maia Alexandre, Hélio Leonam Barroso Silva, and Juliana Lopes Gurgel, scholarship holder with the DACILAT project, funded by the São Paulo State Research Support Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo — FAPESP) under Process No. 22/09158-5.

The following repository contains the most update development version of the treebank as well as related tools and resources:

https://github.com/CompLin/nheengatu

So far, the treebank includes examples from Seixas (1853), Magalhães (1876), Sympson (1877), Rogrigues (1890), Aguiar (1898), Costa (1909), Studart (1926), Amorim (1928), Hartt (1938), Moore, Facundes, and Pires (1994), Casasnovas (2006), Cruz (2011), Comunidade de Terra Preta (2013), Stradelli (1929/2014), Navarro (2016), Muller et al. (2019), Alencar (2021), Avila (2021), and Melgueiro (2022) as well as from the New Testament (Novo Testamento na língua Nyengatu, 1973/2019).

Acknowledgments

We thank Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (University of São Paulo) for kindly allowing us to use examples and texts from his coursebook (Navarro 2016), whose glossary was the first basis for the morphological analyzer we implemented to annotate the UD_Nheengatu-CompLin treebank.

We owe much to Avila (2021)’s dictionary, from which numerous treebank sentences stem. This dictionary also provided invaluable lexical, grammatical, and semantic information for the further development of the morphological analyzer and related treebank annotation tools. We are much obliged to its author, Marcel Twardowsky Avila, for making the XML version of the dictionary available to us and clarifying many questions about the dictionary entries.

We gratefully acknowledge the scholarships provided to annotators by both the São Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP) through the DACILAT project under Process No. 22/09158-5 and the Foundation for the Support and Development of Research in the State of Ceará (FUNCAP).

We are indebted to Gabriela Lourenço Fernandes and Susan Gabriela Huallpa Huanacuni, internees of the Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e José Mindlin of the University of São Paulo (USP), as well as to its research specialist and curator João Marcos Cardoso, for transcriptions of stories from Amorim (1928) and Rodrigues (1890).

Thanks are also due to the Federal University of Amazonas Press (Editora da Universidade Federal do Amazonas — UFAM), particularly to its director, Sérgio Freire, for granting permission to incorporate texts from Casasnovas (2006) into the treebank.

License

Copyright of the treebank sentences and their translations belongs to their respective authors. This data is made available here solely to promote research, teaching, and learning of the Nheengatu language. Therefore, it shouldn’t be used for any commercial purposes. For more information, see LICENSE.txt.

References

Statistics of UD Nheengatu CompLin

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB – X

Features

AdpType – AdvType – Aspect – Case – Clitic – Compound – Definite – Degree – Deixis – Derivation – Evident – ExtPos – Foc – Modality – Mood – Number – Number[grnd] – Number[psor] – NumType – PartType – Person – Person[grnd] – Person[psor] – Polarity – Poss – PronType – PunctType – Red – Rel – Style – Tense – Typo – VerbForm – Voice

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advcl:relcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – case – cc – ccomp – conj – cop – csubj – dep – det – discourse – dislocated – expl – fixed – flat – goeswith – iobj – mark – nmod – nmod:poss – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – parataxis – punct – reparandum – root – vocative – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

Morphology

Tags

Nominal Features

Degree and Polarity

Verbal Features

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

Other Features

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

Relations Overview