Voice: voice
| Values: | Appl | Cau | Pass | Rcp | Rfl |
Ruuli can have more than a single voice value marked on the verb. In this case, we assume that each value is associated with a different stage of iterative morphological derivation. The voice value at the first stage of derivation is annotated with the feature Voice. The voice value at the second stage of the derivation is annotated with the feature Voice[add].
Appl: applicative voice
Applicative is realized with the suffix -ir. It introduces an additional core argument, commonly with the semantic role of a beneficiary.
Examples
- bakusumbira “they cook for you”
Cau: causative
Causative is marked with the suffixes -y and -isy. It introduces an additional core argument, commonly the causer of the event, while the event gets the reading of a caused activity or change of state. It can be also used to introduce an instrument.
Examples
- kulisya “cause to grow”
- obinisya omaama “you make my mother dance”
Pass: passive voice
Passive is marked with the suffixes -w and -ibw. The use of the passive suffix promotes the object argument to the subject position, and demotes the agent to a non-core argument.
Examples
- asangibwa “she/he is found”
Rcp: reciprocal voice
Reciprocal is marked with the suffix -angan. It is used with plural subjects and shows that all subject participants undergo the action referred to by the verb.
Examples
- itangana “kill each other”
Rfl: reflexive voice
Reflexive is realized with the prefix ee-. It shows that the object argument is referentially identical with the subject argument.
Examples
- weesweke “cover yourself”
Voice in other languages: [abq] [am] [arr] [axm] [az] [bej] [bg] [bor] [ceb] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [en] [fi] [fr] [gn] [gor] [gub] [ha] [hu] [hy] [jaa] [ka] [kbc] [ky] [myu] [naq] [oge] [ota] [pay] [ps] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ruc] [ru] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]