Voice: voice
| Values: | Act | Mid | Pass |
The Voice feature applies to VERB.
Act: active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (patient).
Examples
- განჰკურნებ ‘you heal him/her’, დაწერა ‘he/she/it wrote it’, განუყავ ‘you separate it from him/her’, მოჰკუეთნა ‘he cut it off from him/her’ etc.
- რომელი ეგე სწავლი და კუალად განჰკურნებ ‘who teaches this and again heals’ etc.
Mid: middle voice
The subject of the verb is medially affected by the action.
Examples
- ორგულობს ‘he/she betrayls’, ქუხს ‘it thunders’, დუღს ‘it boils’, ქრის ‘it (the wind) blows’, ფრინავს ‘it flies’ etc.
- ხოლო საზრდელისა და სასუმელისათჳს მერმეცა ორგულობს და მბრძოლობს ‘But for the sake of food and drink he then acts disloyally and fights against me’ etc.
Pass: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an oblique dependent or an object of the verb.
Examples
- დაგლახაკნა ‘he/she made him/her poor’, მოიკლა ‘he/she/it was killed’, მიეცა ‘he/she was given it’, განდიდნა ‘he/she became great’, დაბნელდა ‘it became dark’, განახლდა ‘it was renewed’ etc.
- დაგლახაკნა ნეფსით, ხოლო არა იტყუენა სიმდიდრჱ მისი ‘He made him poor willingly and he did not deprive him of his wealth’ etc.
Cau: causative voice
Marks the causative alteration of verb forms. The causative is a verbal category by means of which a transitive verb is derived from an intransitive one.
Examples
- ავლენს ‘‘he/she makes someone to reveal smth.’, წარავლენს ‘he/she makes someoned to be send away’, ადგენს ‘he/she makes smth. to be established’, დაადგენს ‘he/she confirms smth.’, ატყუებს ‘he/she makes him/her speak’ etc.
- ამისთჳს წარავლენს ძიებად მათდა ‘Therefore he sends (them) to seek them’ etc.
Inv: inverted voice
Used for two-place verba sentiendi and similar verbs, in which the experiencer (agent) is marked with the Dative case and receives the nsubj relation, whereas the patient/recipient is marked with the Nominative and receives the obj relation (inverted syntax). Those verbs often translate to transitive constructions in other langues (‘X has/likes/hears Y’), but are not prototypically transitive. In Tschenkéli’s classification, those verbs are ‘Inverted verbs’ (class IV).
Examples
- ვითარმედ მამასა უყვარს იგი. ‘Like the Father loves him.’
Voice in other languages: [abq] [am] [arr] [axm] [az] [bej] [bg] [bor] [ceb] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [en] [fi] [fr] [gn] [gor] [gub] [ha] [hu] [hy] [jaa] [ka] [kbc] [ky] [myu] [naq] [oge] [ota] [pay] [ps] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ruc] [ru] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]