Voice: voice
| Values: | Act | Cau | CauRcp | CauRefl | Rcp | Refl |
In Chintang, Voice is a feature of VERB. A verb may contain a combination of two voice markers when one of them is the causative (CauRcp, CauRefl).
Act: active
The default voice. The subject of the verb is the agent (the doer of the action), and the object is the patient (the entity affected by the action).
Examples
- Manaŋthaʔ! “Don’t shake it!”
Cau: causative
The causative voice increases the valency of the verb by introducing a causer (agent). The original agent becomes the causee, who is now the patient (undergoer). The causative is marked by -mett.
Examples
- Pecceta Jiteŋa hapmettoŋse. “Jitendra’s made Prithibi cry.”
Rcp: reciprocal
Used when a plural subject acts both as agents and patients, each performing and receiving the action. The reciprocal is formed by reduplication of the verb stem and the interfix -ka-, used in non-finite reciprocal forms.
Examples
- Aya, bace na khalli tɨŋkatɨŋta uluceke hou! “Whew, these two kick each other all the time!”
Refl: reflexive
The reflexive voice decreases the valency of the verb by one. The subject acts upon itself — the agent and patient are identical. This value is used when the verb has one of the reflexive suffixes: -na (present in all finite forms), -ci (finite singular), or -ncĩ (finite non-singular and non-finite forms).
Examples
- Susma caĩ naŋnaʔãce. “Susma is shaking herself.”
CauRcp: causative + reciprocal
Used when the verb carries both causative and reciprocal morphology. This combination does not change the transitivity of the verb. It occurs with plural subjects, where all participants act as causers, agents, and patients, performing the action upon one another.
Examples
- Hapmeiʔkameiʔ luma maha o. “No making each other cry, alright?”
CauRefl: causative + reflexive
Used when the verb carries both causative and reflexive morphology. This combination does not change the transitivity of the verb. It indicates that the causer and causee are the same entity – the subject acts upon itself.
Examples
- Immetnaŋnace, aya! “Oh dear, she’s put herself to sleep!”
Voice in other languages: [abq] [am] [arr] [az] [bej] [bg] [bor] [ceb] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [en] [fi] [fr] [gn] [gub] [ha] [hu] [hy] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [myu] [naq] [pay] [ps] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ru] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]