Voice: voice
| Values: | Act | Ifoc | Ivoc | Pass | Pat |
Voice is typically a feature of verbs. It may also occur with other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs), depending on whether borderline word forms such as gerunds and participles are classified as verbs or as the other category.
For Indo-European speakers, voice means mainly the active-passive distinction. In other languages, other shades of verb meaning are categorized as voice.
Act: active or actor-focus voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (patient). This label is also used for the actor-focus voice of Austronesian languages.
Examples
- [gor] Tiyo lolangi to bulalo “He swam across the lake.”
Pat: patient voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an oblique dependent or an object of the verb. This label is also used for the patient-focus voice of Austronesian languages.
Examples
- [gor] Uponula tilubu li Dewi “Dewi cooked the fish. (patient voice)”
Pass: passive or patient-focus voice
The Pass label is commonly used in UD Austronesian languages for patient voice markers.
We do not use it in Gorontalo, but retain it for compatibility purposes.
Examples
- [gor] Uponula tilubu li Dewi “Dewi cooked the fish.” (patient voice) or “The fish was cooked by Dewi” (passive analysis)
Ivoc: instrument voice
The subject of the verb indicates the instrument, while the doer and the undergoer/theme are coded as objects. In Gorontalo, instrument voice multitasks as indicating the location of an action among other roles.
Examples
- [gor] Ilengi pilo-pomulo li Bapu binthe “Grandfather planted corn in the field” (instrument voice)
Ifoc: instrument-focus voice
The Ifoc label is commonly used in UD Austronesian languages for instrument voice markers.
We do not use it in Gorontalo, preferring the _voc pattern that emphasises voice, but document it for compatibility purposes.
Examples
- [gor] Ilengi pilo-pomulo li Bapu binthe “Grandfather planted corn in the field” (instrument voice)
Voice in other languages: [abq] [am] [arr] [axm] [az] [bej] [bg] [bor] [ceb] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [en] [fi] [fr] [gn] [gor] [gub] [ha] [hu] [hy] [jaa] [ka] [kbc] [ky] [myu] [naq] [oge] [ota] [pay] [ps] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ruc] [ru] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]