Voice: voice
| Values: | Cau | CauCau | CauPass | CauCauPass | Pass | Rcp |
Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and patient.
(This feature, as defined currently, cannot correctly handle voice features on Turkic verbs.) The above combinations (of camel-case voice values) are a temporary solution to indicate “multiple voice” features, but they are certainly not the best way to indicate these features. See #197 and #125 for the discussion.
Pass: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as a noun phrase marked with postposition tarafından “by” or suffix -IncA.
Examples
- Xəstəxana xalqın xidmətinə verildi. “The hospital was made available to the public.”
Rcp: reciprocal voice
A reciprocal verb describes an event in which two agents (or groups of agents) perform the same action upon each other.
Examples
- Peterinәn Mary qucaxlaşdılar vә sonra otaqdan çıxdılar. “Peter and Mary hugged each other and then left the room.”
Cau: causative voice
In causative constructions the subject is the entity “causing” the action. It generally translate to English as ‘cause/make/have/let/allow’ someone to perform action described by the main verb.
Examples
- Cəvanlara əlçatmaz hədəflərini tərk etdirməliyik. “We must make the young abandon unattainable goals.”
CauCauPass: double causative and passive voice
Examples
- Kitab tamam mədrəsələrdə oxutdurulacax. “The book will be made to be made to be read in all schools.”
CauCau: double causative voice
Causative suffix is quite productive. Multiple causative suffixes can be attached to a verb, and the number of causative suffixes are theoretically unbounded. In practice, however, the cases where more than two causative suffixes attached to a verb is rather rare. Often, two or more causative suffixes are used for emphasis and do not express multiple levels of causation.
Examples
- Әrinә maşını yudur-t-du. “She made her husband wash the car.”
CauPass: passive causative voice
This language-specific value indicates that a verb has been first causativized, then passivized. The meaning is “the subject was caused (by somebody) to do the action.”
Examples
- Deniz yoxla-d-ıl-dı. “Deniz was made to sleep.”
Voice in other languages: [abq] [am] [arr] [az] [bej] [bg] [bor] [ceb] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [en] [fi] [fr] [gn] [gub] [ha] [hu] [hy] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [myu] [naq] [pay] [ps] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ru] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl] [xmf]