PART: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy the definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Particles are not inflected. The only exception is the independent negation particle ոչ/oč, which inflects for Polarity.
Note that particles like այո/ayo “yes”, ոչ, չէ/oč, čē “no”, անշուշտ/anšowšt “sure”, etc., when used as response words (feedback particles) are considered interjections under the UD standard.
Examples
- Affirmative particles: անպատճառ/anpatč̣aṙ “by all means”, անշուշտ/anšowšt “of course, certainly”, հարկաւ/harkaw “surely”
- Concessive particles: ինչ որ է/inč or ē “anyway”, այնուամենայնիւ/aynowamenayniw “nevertheless”
- Demonstrative particles: ահա, ահաւասիկ/aha, ahawasik “here is, behold”
- Dubitative particles: գուցէ/gowc’ē “perhaps”, թերեւս/t’erews “possibly”
- Emphatic particles: նոյնիսկ/noynisk “even”, մանաւանդ/manawand “especially”, ալ/al (no direct English equivalent; used in combinations such as ոչ ալ/oč al “nor”, այնքան ալ/aynk’an al “not that”, կամ ալ/kam al “or else”)
- Limiting particles: գէթ/gēt’ “at least”, լոկ/lok “merely”, միայն/miayn “only”
- Negative particles: ոչ, չէ/oč, čē “not, no”
- Wish particles: երանի, երնեկ/erani, ernek “if only, would that, I wish”
PART in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kpv] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]