PART: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense, etc. Particles are not inflected.
Note that particles such as այո(այոյ)/ayo, հա/ha “yes”, ոչ/oč, չէ/čē “no”, etc. when used as response words (feedback particles) are considered interjections under the UD standard.
Examples
- Affirmative particle: գէմ/gēm “indeed”, անպատճառ/anpatč̣aṙ “certainly”, անկասկած/ankaskaç “for sure”, իրաւ (իրաւի, յիրաւի)/iraw (irawi, yirawi)“realty”
- Concessive particle: ապա թէ ոչ/apa t’ē oč “otherwise”, թող թէ/t’oġ t’ē “let alone”, թէ ոչ/t’ē oč “elsewise”, թէ չէ/t’ē čē, թէ չէ նա/t’ē čē na “or else”
- Demonstrative particle: հօսկայ/hòskay “here is”, հանց (հենց)/hanc’ (henc’) “like”, ահա/aha “here”
- Dubitative particle: ախիր/axir “after all”, բալքի (բալքիմ, բալքամ)/balk’i (balk’im, balk’am) “perhaps”, կարծես/karçes “apparently”, կարծեմ թէ/karçem t’ē “it seems”, ասես թէ/ases t’ē “seemingly”, թերեւս/t’erews “probably”
- Emphatic particle: մանաւանդ/manawand “particularly”, իսկ/isk “just”
- Limiting particle: պարի/pari “if only”, լոկ (լուկ, լօք)/lok (lowk, lòk’) “merely”, միայն/miayn “only”, տեյի/teyi “saying”
- Negative particle: իսկի/iski “at all”, ոչ/oč “not”, չի/či, չ/č “not”
- Wish particle: քեշկէ/k’eškē “I wish”
- Volitional particle: ապա/apa “now then”, հալա/hala, թող/t’oġ “as yet”
Note that the particle չ-/č- “not” is tokenized separately from the verb in the indicative mood, with ոչ/oč “not” as its lemma. In the subjunctive mood, however, it remains attached to the verb and is not tokenized separately; instead, negation is represented morphologically on the verb by the feature Polarity=Neg.
PART in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kpv] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]