PART: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Particles are not inflected.
Note that particles like այո(այոյ)/ayo, հա(ha) “yes”, ոչ/oč, չէ/čē “no”, etc. as response words (as feedback particles) are considered as interjections under the UD standard.
Examples
- Affirmativ particle: գէմ/gēm “indeed”, անպատճառ/anpatč̣aṙ “certainly”, անկասկած/ankaskaç “for sure”, իրաւ (իրաւի, յիրաւի)/iraw (irawi, yirawi)“realty”
- Concession particle: ապա թէ ոչ/apa t’ē oč “otherwise”, թող թէ/t’oġ t’ē “let alone”, թէ ոչ/t’ē oč “elsewise”, թէ չէ/t’ē čē, թէ չէ նա/t’ē čē na “or else”
- Demonstration particle: հօսկայ/hòskay “here is”, հանց (հենց)/hanc’ (henc’) “like”, ահա/aha “here”
- Dubitation particle: ախիր/axir “after all”, բալքի (բալքիմ, բալքամ)/balk’i (balk’im, balk’am) “perhaps”, կարծես/karçes “apparently”, կարծեմ թէ/karçem t’ē “it seems”, ասես թէ/ases t’ē “seemingly”, թերեւս/t’erews “probably”
- Emphatic particle: մանաւանդ/manawand “particularly”, իսկ/isk “just”
- Limitation particle: պարի/pari “if only”, լոկ (լուկ, լօք)/lok (lowk, lòk’) “merely”, միայն/miayn “only”, տեյի/teyi “saying”
- Negation particle: իսկի/iski “at all”
- Wish particle: քեշկէ/k’eškē “I wish”
- Volition particle: ապա/apa “now then”, հալա/hala, թող/t’oġ “as yet”
PART in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kpv] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]