PART: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Czech particles are not inflected.
Note that response words such as ano, jo “yes”, ne “no”, etc. are considered particles in the PDT tagset but they should be retagged as interjections under the UD standard. Also note that ne can be used in two ways, one would be translated as English “no” and the other as “not”. Only the former should become interjection, while the latter will stay a particle.
Examples
- Sentence modality: ať, kéž, nechť (“Let’s do it!” “If only I could do it over.” “May you have an enjoyable stay!”)
- jen “just, only”
- až “only, as late as, even, up to” Use case: až po stovky tisíc let “up to hundreds of thousands of years”
- asi “about, roughly, maybe”
Diffs
Prague Dependency Treebank
-
li “if”: This is an encliticized morpheme that functions as subordinating conjunction but it always immediately follows the predicate of the subordinate clause. For example: Nebude-li pršet, nezmoknem. lit. Will-not-if rain, we-will-not-get-wet. “We will not get wet if it does not rain.” PDT tags the li morpheme as particle and it is currently kept so in the UD conversion but it might be changed to
SCONJin the future releases. -
At present the UD-conversion of PDT keeps the PDT convention on tagging the response words (“yes, no”) as particles. Automatic conversion would not be straightforward because the negative particle ne is sometimes used as the response particle/interjection (English “no”) and sometimes as a free negative morpheme (English “not”). These two usages would have to be distinguished and only the first one converted to interjection.
References
PART in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kpv] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [xcl] [yue] [zh]