PART: particle
PART
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Particles are normally not inflected, although exceptions may occur.
Examples
- affirmative particle: dá / ho “yes”
- dá, isýj je pó húbbe “yes, this way it is better” “yes, it is better this way”
- ho, óti pýtaš? “yes, why are you asking?”
- negative particle: ne “no / not” (Polarity=Neg)
- ne, na pálem “no, I do not smoke”
- inazí je ne lóšo “that (over there) is not bad”
- negative particle: na “not” (Polarity=Neg)
- na znom kaná da právem “I do not know what to do”
- na káza ní kaná “he did not say anything” [lit. “he did not say nothing”]
- demonstrative particle: na “here is / are” “this is wh- / how”
- na kadé so nahtárevete “this is where the keys are” [lit. “here is where are the keys] <!– * interrogative particles: li / dalí “question particle”
- ažónen li si? “are you married?” [lit. “married you?”]
- dalí dójdom i ja sas vámi? “should I come with you?” [lit. “come and I with you?”–>
- verbal particles: dá “let”
- dá právi kanána íšte “let him / her do whatever he /she wants” [lit. “let do whatever wants”]
- dá slúšot, nýje na dúmime nǽko skrýto “let them listen, we say nothing secret” [lit.”let listen, we not say something secret”]
- emphasis particles: bilé “even”
- i toj bilé na velí ní kak “even he did not say anything” [lit. “and he even not say nothing”
- dúmi Íngilizsky i Alamáncky - i Urúmcky so bilé séšta málko “he speaks English and German - he even understands some Greek” [lit. “he speaks English and German - even some Greek he understands”]
- prohibitive particles: na “not” “do not” (Polarity=Neg)
- na sedéj advón, še so paledíš “do not sit / stay out, you will get cold” [lit. “not sit out, will get cold”]
- na nagadáj mó da so smøm “do not make me laugh”
- prohibitive particles: namój / namójte “do not” (Polarity=Neg)
- namój barzá, ráno sí je “do not be in a hurry, it is still early” [lit. “do not hurry, early it is”]
- namójte da vú je strah, néma da upátite ní kaná “do not be affraid, nothing will happen to you” [lit. “do not to you is fear, there is n’t to happen nothing”]
A dedicated set of particles are preposed to interrogative pronouns/determiners to form indefinite, negative and collective (total) determiners; each of these formations is written as two words.
Examples
- nǽ (PartTypeQpm=Ind) as in nǽ kakvóv “of some kind / quality - no matter what” and nǽ kadé “somewhere”
- nó (PartTypeQpm=Ind) as in nó kutrí “someone” and nó kadé “somewhere”
- ní (PartTypeQpm=Neg) as in ní kutrí “no one” and ní kadé “nowhere”
- sǽ (PartTypeQpm=Tot) as in sǽ kutrí “everybody” “everyone” “every” and sǽ kadé “everywhere” “every~ / of all kinds / qualities - in all / every~ / all of~”
PART in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kpv] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [xcl] [yue] [zh]