PART: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy the definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Particles are not inflected. The only exception is the independent negation particle ոչ/oč, which inflects for Polarity.
Note that particles like այո/ayo “yes”, ոչ, չէ/oč, čē “no”, անշուշտ/anšowšt “sure”, etc. when used as response words (feedback particles) are considered interjections under the UD standard.
Examples
- Affirmative particles: անպատճառ/anpatč̣aṙ “by all means”, իհարկե/iharke “of course”, հարկավ/harkav “surely”
- Concessive particles: ինչևէ/inčewē “anyway”, այնուամենայնիվ/aynowamenayniv “nevertheless”
- Demonstrative particles: ահա, ահավասիկ/aha, ahavasik “here is, behold”
- Dubitative particles: գուցե/gowc’e “perhaps”, թերևս/t’erews “possibly”
- Emphatic particles: ախար/axar “after all”, մանավանդ/manavand “especially”, էլ/ēl (no direct English equivalent; used in combinations such as ոչ էլ/oč ēl “nor”, այնքան էլ/aynk’an ēl “not that”, կամ էլ/kam ēl “or else”)
- Limiting particles: գեթ/get’ “at least”, լոկ/lok “merely”, միայն/miayn “only”
- Negative particles: ոչ, չէ/oč, čē “not, no”
- Wish particles: երանի, երնեկ/erani, ernek “if only, would that, I wish”
- Volitional particles: հապա/hapa “well, well then”
PART in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kpv] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]