ADP: adposition
Definition
Middle Armenian has prepositions, postpositions, and ambipositional adpositions, but no circumpositions. They occur before or after a complement noun phrase (noun, pronoun) and form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.
There are fixed multiword expressions where an adposition is involved, which may function either as complex adpositions (e.g., դեպ ի/dep i “to, towards”) or as other parts of speech, such as adverbs (e.g., ի պահն/i pahn “at the moment, immediately”). The component words are still tagged according to their basic usage (ի/i is ADP, պահն/pahn is NOUN, etc.), and their status as a multiword expression is accounted for in the syntactic annotation using the fixed relation. To capture the syntactic role of the whole phrase, the ExtPos feature is applied to the first word of the expression to specify the UPOS that the entire expression would have if treated as a single word (e.g., ExtPos=ADV for ի/i in ի պահն/i pahn).
Note that there are a number of case-marking elements (traditionally called “adpositional words”), derived from a closed set of nouns, adjectives/participles or adverbs. They are tagged based on their main part-of-speech category in UPOS. Their function as a part of speech different from that indicated by their UPOS tag is marked by the ExtPos feature.
Examples
- Prepositions: ի/i “from, to, into, for” (with its antevocalic form յ-); առ/ar “up to”; ընդ/ënd “under, by, through, with, instead of”; ինչվի/inčvi “till, up to”
- Postpositions: համար/hamar “for”; հանդէպ/handēp “to, towards”; պէս/pēs “as”
- Ambipositions: ինձ դէմս/inj dēms “in front of me”; դէմ քեզ/dēm k’ez “in front of you”
- Complex prepositions: ի խէչ/i xēč “at”; ի վերայ/i veray “on, over, about”; ի մէջ/i mēǰ “in, into, between”
ADP in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [es] [et] [fi] [fro] [fr] [ga] [gn] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pcm] [ps] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]