PronType: pronoun type
This feature takes the following values:
| Values: | Dem | Emp | Exc | Ind | Int | Neg | Prs | Rcp | Rel | Tot |
Dem: Demonstrative pronoun
Demonstrative pronouns can be proximal (like ēn) and remote (like ān), but there function in discourse reference has not been fully understood yet.
Examples:
- “this” ēn, ēd, im
- “that” ān, ōy
- “those” awēšān
Emp: Emphatic pronoun
The reflexive pronoun xwad can be used as an intensifier, in case of which it receives the feature emphatic. Negation can be emphasized by using tisiz lit. “even something”
Examples
- dušox xwad tisē wattar kū bīm “Hell itself (is) something worse than fear.”
- u=šān xwad pad xwad ān ī abārōn arešk abar burd “And they themselves brought sinful envy upon themselves.”
- ud tisiz bazag az mardōmān nē raft “And no wrongdoing at all started from humans.”
Exc: Exclamative pronoun
The exclamative determiner is čē. It has not been attested in the corpus yet.
Examples
- čē xūb / what good i.e. “That’s good!”
Ind: Indefinite pronoun
Indefinite pronouns.
Examples:
- čand “some”
Int: Interrogative pronoun
Interrogative pronouns. They can be used as relative pronouns and interrogative determiners.
Examples:
- kē “who”
- čē “what”
- kū “where”
- kay “when”
- čiyōn “how”
Neg: Negative pronoun
The only pronoun marked inherently as negative is ēč “any”, which usually occurs with a negated predicate.
Examples
- ud pad ēč rāh ruwān ī xwēš nē āzāred “And (it) does not harm his soul in any way.”
Prs: Personal pronoun
Personal pronouns have orthotone and enclitic forms.
Examples
||orthotone|enclitic| |—|—|—| |1sg.|man (direct an)|=m| |2sg.|tō|=t| |3sg.|ōy (variant away?)|=š| |1pl.|amāh|=mān (archaic =n)| |2pl.|ašmāh|=tān| |3pl.|awēšān|=šān| (archaic =š)|
Rcp: Reciprocal pronoun
The reciprocal pronoun is ham. Elements of analytic expressions such as ēk ō did “one to the other” i.e. “to each other” are annotated individually.
Examples
- ham ‘each other’
Rel: Relative pronoun
The word ī, which is also used as a linker for attributes to their headword, and all interrogative pronouns can be used as relative pronouns.
Examples
- būd kū gumēzagīh dēn andar gēhān bē raft “Where there was mixing, the Dēn went out into the world.”
Tot: Total pronoun
Total pronouns.
Examples
- harw “every”
- hamāg, and
- (har)wisp “all”
PronType in other languages: [arr] [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [el] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [gun] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [myu] [naq] [nmf] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [sga] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [uz] [xav] [xcl] [xmf] [zh]