PronType: pronominal type
| Values: | Art | Dem | Exc | Ind | Int | Neg | Poss | Prs | Rcp | Rel | Tot |
This feature typically applies to pronouns, determiners and pronominal adverbs.
Prs: personal pronoun
See also the Poss feature that distinguishes personal pronouns from possessives. Note that Prs also includes emphatic personal/possessive pronouns (e.g. իրեն / իր, see also the Reflex feature).
Examples
- ես/es “I”, դու/dow “you”, ինք/ink’ “he/she”, մեք/mek’ “we”, դուք/dowk’ “you” (pl.), իրենք/irenk’ “they”
- ինձ (ինձի, ինձիկ)/inj (inji, injik) “me”, քեզ (քեզի, քեզիկ, քէ)/k’ez (k’ezi, k’ezik, k’ē) “you”, իրեն/iren “him/her”, մեզ (մեզի, մեզիկ)/mez (mezi, mezik) “us”, ձեզ/jez “you”, իրենց (իւրեանց, իւրենց)/irenc’ (iwreanc’, iwrenc’) “them”
Poss: possessive pronoun and determiner
In Middle Armenian, possessive pronouns have a separate nominal declension paradigm based on the genitive forms of personal pronouns. We therefore distinguish possessive pronouns from possessive determiners.
Examples
Possessive personal determiners:
- իմ/im “my”, քո/ko “your”, իւր (իր)/iwr (ir) “his/her/its”, մեր/mer “our”, ձեր/jer “your”, իրենց (իրանց, իւրեանց, իւրենց)/irenc’ (iranc’, iwreanc’, iwrenc’) “their”
Possessive personal pronouns:
- իմոյ/imoy “of mine”, իմոյ, իմում/imoy, imowm “to mine”, զիմ/zim “mine”, յիմմէ/yimmē “from mine”, իմով/imov “with mine”, յիմոց/yimoc’ “from those of mine”, իմովք/imovk’ “with those of mine”
- քոյին/k’oyin “of yours”, ի քումէ/i k’owmē “from yours”, ի քուոց/i k’owoc’ “from those of yours” (pl.)
- իւրոյ/iwroy “of his/hers/its”, իւրում/iwrowm “to his/hers/its”, զիւր/ziwr “his/hers/its”, ի յիւրոյն/i yiwroyn “from his/hers/its”, իւրով/iwrov “with his/hers/its”, իւրոց/iwroc’ “to theirs”, յիւրոց/yiwroc’ “from theirs”, իւրովք/iwrovk’ “with theirs”
- մերոյ/meroy “of ours” մերում/merowm “to ours” ի մերմէ/i mermē “from ours” մերով/merov “with ours” ի ձերմէ/i jermē “from yours”, ձերովք/jerovk’ “with those of yours”
Int: interrogative pronoun, determiner or adverb
Note that interrogative determiners can be used as exclamatives with exclamation mark or stress (see below).
Examples:
- ո՞վ, ո՞վք/ov, ovk’ “who?”, ո՞ւմ/owm “whose?”
- ո՞ր, ո՞րք/or, ork’ “which?”
- զի՞նչ/zinč “what?”
Rel: relative pronoun or determiner or adverb
All pronouns, determiners, and pronominal adverbs that mark the beginning of a relative clause have this feature. Note that this class overlaps with interrogatives. There are no pronouns that are only relative.
Examples:
- ով, ովք/ov, ovk’ “who”, ում/owm “whose”
- որ, որք/or, ork’ “which”
- զինչ/zinč “what”
Rcp: reciprocal pronoun
Examples
- իրար (իրաց, իրերաց)/irar (irac’, irerac’) “one another”,
- միմեանց/mimeanc’ “each other”,
- մեկզմեկ (մէկը մէկու, մէկմէկու, մէկմէկի)/mekzmek (mēkë mēkow, mēkmēkow, mēkmēki) “each other”
Exc: exclamative determiner
Exclamative pronouns (determiners) express the speaker’s surprise or strong reaction with respect to the modified nominal. In Middle Armenian, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative or demonstrative determiners.
Examples:
- սատանին բանն այլ ի՜նչ է/satanin bann ayl inč ē “What else could the devil’s work be!”
Art: article
An article is a special type of determiner that bears the feature of definiteness. Note that in Middle Armenian Def value is marked directly on nouns.
See also the related features Number[psor] and Person[psor].
Examples
- մի/mi “a/an”
Dem: demonstrative pronoun, determiner or adverb
Note that Middle Armenian distinguishes proximal (near the speaker), medial (near the addressee), and distal (far from both) demonstratives. These distinctions are encoded using the feature Deixis.
Examples
- սա/sa “this”, դա/da “that (medial)”, նա/na “that”, սոքա/sok’a “thеsе”, դոքա/dok’a “thօse (medial)”, նոքա (նաքա)/nok’a (nak’a) “those”
- այս/ays “this”, այդ/ayd “that (medial)”, այն/ayn “that”, այսոք (այսոնք)/aysok’ (aysonk’) “these”, այդոք (այդոնք)/aydok’ (aydonk’) “those” (medial), այնոք (այնոնք)/aynok’ (aynonk’) “those”
- հանչաք/hančak’ “this much, that much”
- յայնժամ/yaynžam “at the time”
- միւս/miws “(the) other”
Emp: emphatic pronoun or determiner
Emphatic pronouns (determiners) emphasize the nominal they depend on. In Middle Armenian, the same forms may also function as third-person personal, demonstrative, or possessive pronouns / determiners; their interpretation depends on context.
See also the Number[psor] and Person[psor] features for further details.
Examples
- ինք/ink’, իրենք/irenk’, իր (իւր)/ir (iwr), իրեն (իւրն)/iren (iwrn) “he (himself), they (themselves), his(him)/her”, as in զի այս թագաւորին է՝ որ ինքն դատէ/zi ays tʼagaworin ē, or inkʼn datē “For this belongs to the King—that he judges (these cases) himself”.
Tot: total (collective) pronoun or determiner
Examples
- ամէն/amēn “all”
- ամեն մէկ/amen mēk “each, every”
Neg: negative pronoun or determiner
Negative pronominal words are distinguished from negating particles and from words that inflect for polarity (verbs). Those words do not use PronType=Neg; they use Polarity=Neg instead. See Polarity and Connegative for further details.
Examples
- ոչ ով/oč ov “nobody”
- ոչինչ/očinč “nothing”
- ոչ որ/oč or “no one”
Ind: indefinite pronoun, determiner or adverb
Examples
- մարդ/mard “one/someone”
- ոք/ok’ “one/someone”
- մէկ մի/mēk mi “one/any”
- այլ/ayl “other”
- մէկայլ/mēkayl “another”
- միւս/miws “(the) other”
PronType in other languages: [arr] [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [el] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [gun] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [myu] [naq] [nmf] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [sga] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [uz] [xav] [xcl] [xmf] [zh]