PronType: pronominal type
| Values: | Dem | Ind | Int | Neg | Prs | Rel | Tot |
In Khoekhoe, PronType is a feature of pronouns, determiners and pronominal adverbs
Prs: personal or possessive personal pronoun or determiner
See also the Poss feature that distinguishes normal personal pronouns from possessives. Note that it is not a full list, since the paradigms of personal and possessive pronouns is more extensive. Please see Case, Gender, Number, and Person features.
Examples
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tita, sats, ǁîb, ǁîs, ǁî-i, sida, sadu, ǁîn “I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they”
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ta, ts, b, s, i, da, du, n “I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they” (subject clitics)
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te, tsi, bi, si, i, da, du, ni/in “me, us, you, you, him, her, it, them”
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âta, âts, âgu “my, your (masc. sing.), their (masc. plur.)”
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ti, sa “my, your (sing.)”
Int: interrogative pronoun, determiner, or adverb
Note that it is not a full list.
Examples
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tari-i, taris “who (comm. sing.), who (fem. sing.)”, ham-i, hams_ “who (comm. sing.), who (fem. sing.)”
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tare-i, taren “what (comm. sing.), what (comm. plur.)”
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mâs, mân “what, which one of them”
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mâ “which”
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mâti “how”
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mâtikō “how many”
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mâpa “where”
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mâǁae “when”
Rel: relative pronoun
Note that this class overlaps with personal pronouns (specifically subject clitics).
Examples
- ta, ts, b, s, i, da, du, n “I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they” (relative but not subject clitics)
Dem: demonstrative pronoun, determiner, or adverb
Note that it is not a full list.
Examples
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nē-i, nēn “this one, those ones”
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ǁnā-i, ǁnān “that one, these ones”
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nau-i, naun “the other one, the other ones”
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nē, ǁnā, nau “this, that, the other”
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nēpa, ǁnāpa, naupa “here, there, there (at a distance)”
Tot: total pronoun, determiner
Note that it is not a full list.
Examples
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hoakhom, hoan “the two of them, all of them”
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hoa “all” (before a nominal)
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hoab, hoan “the whole (of him), all (of them)” (after a nominal with the person-gender-number marker doubling)
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mâ “all/whole” (before a nominal with hoa after a nominal)
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hoaraga “every”
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hoapa “everywhere”
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hoaǁae “always”
Ind: indefinite pronoun, determiner
Examples
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ǀoro “few”
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ǂgui “many”
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ǀoron “few ones”
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ǂguin “many ones”
Neg: Negative determiner
Negative pronominal words are distinguished from negating particle and auxiliaries (tama, tita, etc.). Those words do not use PronType=Neg, they use Polarity=Neg instead. See the Polarity feature for further details.
Examples
- xare-i, xaren “none, no” (in apposition with nominals)
Emp: Emphatic determiner
Note that it is not a full list.
Examples
- ǂû-i, ǂûn “itself, themselves” (in apposition with nominals)
PronType in other languages: [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [bor] [cs] [el] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [gun] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [myu] [pcm] [qpm] [sga] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [uz] [xav] [xcl] [zh]