PronType: type of pronoun
| Values: | Prs | Dem | Int | Rel | Rcp | Ind | Tot | Neg |
Pronoun type is an inflectional feature of pronouns, determiners and some adverbs. Following eight values of pronoun types are used in Pashto:
Prs: personal
Personal pronouns for the first and the second person and reflexive personal pronouns:
<td align="middle", rowspan=3>موږ muǧمونږ munǧ</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=3>تاسو tấso
تاسې tấse</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=2>ځان żân</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=2>ما mâ</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=2>تا tâ</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=2>ځانونو żânúno</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=2>ستاسو stấso
ستاسې stấse</td> <td align="middle", colspan=2>(خپل xpël) **</td>
| 1 SG I, me |
1 PL we, us |
2 SG you (sg.) |
2 PL you (pl.) |
Reflex SG self (sg.) |
Reflex PL self (pl.) |
|
|
Direct (Vocative) |
زۀ zë | تۀ të | ځانونه żânúna | |||
|
Oblique Local | ||||||
| Ablative | ځانه żấna | |||||
| Genitive | زما zmâ | زموږ zmuǧ زمونږ zmunǧ |
ستا stâ |
** Instead of a genitive form of the reflexive pronoun ځان żân, the reflexive possessive خپل xpël is used instead, which declines like common adjectives in agreement with the possessed object.
The reflexive pronouns ځان żân and ځانونه żânúna are used for refering to the subject regardless of the person (i.e. it is used for all three persons).
Instead of the genitive forms, the preposition د dë followed by the oblique case can be used, although the genitive forms are more frequent. The genitive forms are actually developed from the prepositional construction.
Examples
Personal pronouns for the third person vary depending on deixis:
<td align="middle", colspan=3>remote</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>proximate</td> <td align="middle", colspan=2>هغه haġá</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=2>هغوى haġúy</td> <td align="middle", rowspan=2>دوی duy</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3></td>| M SG he, him |
F SG she, her |
PL they, them |
M SG he, him |
F SG she, her |
PL they, them |
|||
|
Direct |
دی day | دا dâ | ||||||
|
Oblique Local Ablative |
هغۀ haġë́ | هغې haġé | دۀ dë | دې de | ||||
| Genitive | ددۀ dadë́ | ددې dëdé | ددوی dëdúy |
Unlike for the first and the second person, the genitive forms are less frequent than the construction with the preposition د dë followed by the oblique case. The remote series lacks separate genitive forms at all, using only the prepositional construction for expressing possession.
Unlike demonstrative pronouns, the personal third person pronouns lack the long variant of proximate series (see below). The remote series is stressed on the second syllable, not on the first one like its demonstrative counterpart.
Examples
Weak personal pronouns are used as unstressed predicate arguments or unstressed possessive pronouns. They are also used in contracted forms (which are separeted in UD annotation) with several prepositions.
<td align="middle", rowspan=2>مو mu</td> <td align="middle", colspan=2>يې ye</td>| SG | PL | |
| 1 | مې me | |
| 2 | دې de | |
| 3 |
Examples
Directional personal pronouns are used in contracted forms (which are separeted in UD annotation) with several postpositions. They are also used as prefixes of many motion verbs, where they express the direction of the motion (but in those cases they are not annotated at all).
| 1 | را râ |
| 2 | در dar |
| 3 | ور war |
Examples
Dem: demonstrative
The demonstrative pronouns distinguish the deixis, like the third person personal pronouns.
However, there are two series of proximate pronouns: long and short.
The short one is the obvious counterpart of the personal series, while the long series is unique to demonstrative pronouns.
The long proximate pronouns bear the feature Variant=Long.
long variant</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>proximate</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>هغه háġa</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>دغه dáġa</td>
| that (m) | that (f) | those | this (m) | this (f) | these | this/these | ||||
|
Direct |
دا dâ | |||||||||
|
Oblique Local Ablative |
هغۀ háġë | هغې háġe | هغو háġo | دغۀ dáġë | دغې dáġe | دغو dáġo | دې de |
The remote series is stressed on the first syllable, not on the second one like its demonstrative counterpart.
<td align="middle", colspan=3>remote</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>proximatelong variant</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>proximate</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>هماغه hamấġa</td> <td align="middle", colspan=3>همدغه hamdáġa</td>
| same (m-sg) | same (f-sg) | same (pl) | same (m-sg) | same (f-sg) | same (pl) | same | ||||
|
Direct |
همدا hamdâ | |||||||||
|
Oblique Local Ablative |
هماغۀ hamấġë | هماغې hamấġe | هماغو hamấġo | همدغۀ hamdáġë | همدغې hamdáġe | همدغو hamdáġo | همدې hamdé |
| remote | proximate long variant |
proximate | |
| such like that/those | |||
|
indeclinable |
هغسې háġase | دغسې dáġase | داسې dấse |
| remote | proximate long variant |
proximate | |
| same like that/those | |||
|
indeclinable |
هماغسې hamấġase | همدغسې hamdáġase | همداسې hamdấse |
Examples
Int: interrogative
<td align="middle", rowspan=2>څۀ cë</td>
| human | non-human | |
| who, whom | what | |
|
Direct |
څوک cok | |
|
Oblique Local Ablative |
چا čâ |
The pronoun څۀ cë can be used also as a determiner with a few words. But actually, the expression څۀ شی cë šay “what thing” is frequently used instead of the bare څۀ cë.
There is also a determiner کوم kum “which”, which declines like common adjectives in agreement with the determined object. It can mean also “any” in negative sentences (marked as indefinite - see below).
Examples
- (a) څوک په کور کې خوري؟ cok pë kor ke xwarí? “Who is eating in the house?”
- (b) د چا څوکۍ؟ dë čâ cawkë́y? “Whose chair?”
- (c)
- (d)
- (e)
- (f) څۀ رنګه کتاب په مېز دی؟ cë ránga kitấb pë mez dëy? “What kind of book is on the table?” (= what is it like, asking about the quality)
- (g) کوم کتاب په میز دی؟ kum kitấb pë mez dëy? “Which book is on the table?” (= which one, asking about the identity)
Rel: relative
The only relative pronoun in Pashto is indeclinable چې če “that”, “which”, “who” etc.
Examples
Rcp: reciprocal
The only reciprocal pronoun in Pashto is indeclinable یوبل yë́wbël “each other”.
Examples
Ind: indefinite
<td align="middle", rowspan=2>څو co</td>
| some | several | |
|
Direct |
ځینې żíne | |
|
Oblique Local Ablative |
ځینو żíno |
Both determiners ځینې żíne “some” and څو co “several” are used only in plural. For singular, the numeral یو yaw “one” can be used.
There is also a determiner کوم kum “any”, which declines like common adjectives in agreement with the determined object. It is used usually in negative sentences. It can mean also “which” (marked as interrogative - see above).
Examples
Tot: total
<td align="middle", rowspan=2>هرڅۀ harcë́</td>
| human | non-human | |
| everyone | everything | |
|
Direct |
هرڅوک harcók | |
|
Oblique Local Ablative |
هرچا harčấ |
In addition to these pronouns, there are also total determiners in Pashto: هر har “every”, “each” (sg. only) and ټول ṭol “whole” (in sg.), “all” (in pl.). Both decline like common adjectives in agreement with the determined object. The latter can be used also separately as a pronoun.
Examples
Neg: negative
<td align="middle", colspan=2, rowspan=2>هیڅ hic</td>
| human (pronoun) nobody |
non-human (pronoun) nothing |
determiner no |
|
|
Direct |
هیڅوک hicók | ||
|
Oblique Local Ablative |
هیچا hičấ |
The determiner هیڅ hic “no” is used only in singular.
Examples
PronType in other languages: [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [bor] [cs] [el] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [gun] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [myu] [pcm] [qpm] [sga] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [uz] [xav] [xcl] [zh]