PronType: pronominal type
| Values: | Art | Dem | Emp | Exc | Ind | Int | Neg | Prs | Rcp | Rel | Tot |
This feature typically applies to pronouns, determiners, and pronominal adverbs.
Prs: personal or possessive personal pronoun or determiner
See also the Poss feature that distinguishes personal pronouns from possessives. Note that Prs also includes emphatic personal/possessive pronouns (e.g. իր/ir “one’s own”, իրենց/irencʼ “their own”, see also the Reflex feature).
Examples
- ես/es “I”, դու/dow “you”, նա/na “he/she/it”, մենք/menk’ “we”, դուք/dowk’ “you”, նրանք/nrank’ “they”
- իմ/im “my”, քո/kʼo “your”, նրա/nra “his/her/its”, մեր/mer “our”, ձեր/jer “your”, նրանց/nrancʼ “their”
- ինձ/inj “me, myself”, քեզ/kʼez “you, yourself”, նրան/nran “him/her/it”, իրեն/iren “one, oneself”, մեզ/mez “us, ourselves”, ձեզ/jez “you, yourselves”, նրանց/nrancʼ “them”, իրենց/irencʼ “them, themselves”
- իր/ir “one’s own”, իրենց/irencʼ “their own”
Int: interrogative pronoun, determiner or adverb
Note that interrogative determiners can be used as exclamatives with exclamation mark or stress (see below).
Examples:
- ո՞վ/o?v, ովքե՞ր/ovkʼe?r “who?”, ո՞ւմ/o?wm “whose?”
- ի՞նչ/i?nč “what?”, ինչպիսի՞(ք)/inčpisi?(kʼ) “what kind of?”, ինչքա՞ն/inčkʼa?n “how many?”, ինչչա՞փ/inčča?pʼ “how much?”, ինչպե՞ս/inčpe?s “how?”
- ո՞ր/o?r, որո՞նք/oro?nkʼ “which?”, որպիսի՞(ք)/orpisi?(kʼ) “what kind of?”, որքա՞ն/orkʼa?n “how many?”, որչա՞փ/orča?pʼ “how much?”, ո՞րերորդ/o?rerord “what number?” (ordinal quantifier)
- քանի՞/kʼani? “how many?”, քանի՞սը/kʼani?së “how many?”, քանի՞երորդ/kʼani?erord “what number?” (ordinal quantifier)
- որտե՞ղ/orte?ġ “where?”, ո՞ւր/o?wr “where to?”
- ե՞րբ/e?rb “when?”
- ինչո՞ւ/inčo?w “why?”
Rel: relative pronoun or determiner or adverb
All pronouns, determiners, and pronominal adverbs that mark the beginning of a relative clause have this feature. Note that this class overlaps with interrogatives. There are no pronouns that are only relative.
Examples:
- ով/ov “who”
- որ/or “that, which”
- ինչ/inč “what”
- որտեղ/orteġ “where”
- ուր/owr “where”
- երբ/erb “when”
Exc: exclamative determiner
Exclamative pronouns (determiners) express the speaker’s surprise or strong reaction with respect to the modified nominal. In Armenian, exclamative determiners are recruited from the set of interrogative or demonstrative determiners.
Examples:
- ի՜նչ բերք կստացվեր/i!nč berkʼ kstacʼver “what a harvest there would have been!”
- այնքա՜ն շատ/aynkʼa!n šat “so many / so much!”
Rcp: reciprocal pronoun
Examples
- մեկմեկու (մեկմեկի)/mekmekow (mekmeki) “one another”, իրար (իրարու)/irar (irarow) “each other”, միմյանց/mimyancʼ “each other”
Art: article
An article is a special type of determiner that bears the feature of definiteness. Note that in Armenian, Def value is marked directly on nouns.
See also the related features Number[psor] and Person[psor].
Examples
- մի/mi “a/an”
Dem: demonstrative pronoun, determiner or adverb
Note that Armenian distinguishes proximal (near the speaker), medial (near the addressee), and distal (far from both) demonstratives. These distinctions are encoded using the feature Deixis.
Examples
- սա/sa “this”, դա/da “that (medial)”, նա/na “that”
- այս/ays, այդ/ayd, այն/ayn “this, that (medial), that”
- սույն/sowyn “this”, նույն/nowyn “same”, միևնույն/miewnowyn “same one”
- այսպիսի/ayspisi “such”, այդպիսի/aydpisi “such (medial)”, այնպիսի/aynpisi “such (distal)”, նույնպիսի/nowynpisi “same”
- այսպես/ayspes “this way”, այդպես/aydpes “that way (medial)”, այնպես/aynpes “that way (distal)”, նույնպես/nowynpes “same way”
- այսքան/ayskʼan “this many”, այդքան/aydkʼan “that many”, այնքան/aynkʼan “so many”
- այսչափ/aysčapʼ “this much”, այդչափ/aydčapʼ “that much”, այնչափ/aynčapʼ “so much”
- այստեղ/aysteġ “here”, այդտեղ/aydteġ “there (medial)”, այնտեղ/aynteġ “there”
- մյուս/myows “another”
Emp: emphatic pronoun or determiner
Emphatic pronouns (determiners) emphasize the nominal they depend on. There are similarities with personal, demonstrative, emphatic and possessive pronouns / determiners.
See also the Number[psor] and Person[psor] features for further details.
Examples
- ինքը, ինքները / իրենք/inkʼë, inkʼnerë / irenkʼ “(he) himself, (they) themselves”, as in պապը ինքն է ընտրել/papë inkʼn ē ëntrel “grandfather chose it himself”
Tot: total (collective) pronoun or determiner
Examples
- ամեն(ը)/amen(ë) “every, all (of things)”
- բոլոր(ը)/bolor(ë) “all (of people)”
- յուրաքանչյուր(ը)/ yowrakʼančyowr(ë) “each (one)”
- ողջ(ը)/oġǰ(ë) “whole”
- ամբողջ(ը)/amboġǰ(ë) “all”
- համայն/hamayn “all, whole”
- ամենայն/amenayn “all, every”
Neg: negative pronoun or determiner
Negative pronominal words are distinguished from negating particles and from words that inflect for polarity (verbs). Those words do not use PronType=Neg; they use Polarity=Neg instead. See Polarity and Connegative for further details.
Examples
- ոչ ոք/oč okʼ “nobody”
- ոչինչ/očinč “nothing”
- ոչ մեկը/oč mekë “no one”
- ոչ մի/oč mi “no”
Ind: indefinite pronoun, determiner or adverb
Examples
- ինչ-որ/inč-or “some (of one thing)”, ինչ-ինչ/inč-inč “some (of many things)”
- մի քանի/mi kʼani “several”, մի քանիսը/mi kʼanisë “some of”, որոշ/oroš “certain”
- մեկը/mekë “one”, մեկնումեկը/meknowmekë “someone”, մի/mi “some, several”
- ոմն/omn “someone”, ոմանք/omankʼ “some people”
- ուրիշ/owriš “another”, ուրիշը/owrišë “another one”, այլ/ayl “other”
- որևէ, որևիցե/orewē, orewicʼe “one or another”
- այսինչ, այնինչ/aysinč, ayninč “this and that”
- երբևէ, երբևիցե/erbewē, erbewicʼe “sometime”
PronType in other languages: [arr] [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [el] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [gun] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [myu] [naq] [nmf] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [sga] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [uz] [xav] [xcl] [xmf] [zh]