ccomp: clausal complement
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause which is a core argument. That is, it functions like an object of the verb, or adjective.
ǂAn ts ge a tare-e ta ra mî sa . \n Know you DECL STAT.PRS what I IPFV say NMLZ .
ccomp(ǂAn, mî)
mark(mî, sa)
ccomp(Know, say)
mark(say, NMLZ)
If the subject of the clausal complement is obligatory controlled (that is, must be the same as the higher subject or object, with no other possible interpretation) the appropriate relation is xcomp.
ǁîb ge ra mû khao da go sa . \n He DECL IPFV see dig we RPST NMLZ.OBL .
ccomp(mû, khao)
ccomp(see, dig)
Sada ge ge khao tsoatsoa . \n We DECL PST dig start .
xcomp(tsoatsoa, khao)
xcomp(start, dig)
The key difference here is that if a verb takes a whole clause as a complement (with its own subject) this relation is ccomp, whereas xcomp can be used only with a small closed group of compliment-taking predicates that take as its complement a single verb (e.g., tsoatsoa “start”, ǂgao “want”).
Reported Speech
With a speech verb, suc as mî “say”, the content of reported speech is considered to be part of the verb’s valency. It therefore always attaches as ccomp, including direct and indirect speech:
ǁKhore ta ge ra khoena " ǀû re " ti mî ǀû ǃkhaisa . \n Wish I DECL IPFV people " stop PDIR " QUOT say stop COMPL .
ccomp(mî, ǀû)
ccomp(say, stop)
ǀOwesa ta a ti n ge ra mî . \n Lazy I am QUOT they DECL IPFV say .
ccomp(mî, ǀOwesa)
ccomp(say, Lazy)
Sats ra mî sa ǃoa " Ti koro khoega ge ǂgâu " . \n You IPFV say NMLZ.OBL according_to " My five guys PST hit " .
ccomp(mî, ǂgâu)
ccomp(say, hit)
Quoted content is considered to be ccomp even if it is a sentence fragment:
" Hî-î " ti ts ra mî ? \n " No " QUOT you IPFV say ?
ccomp(mî, Hî-î)
ccomp(say, No)
ccomp in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [gub] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [ky] [ml] [naq] [no] [pa] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [uz] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]