home edit page issue tracker

ccomp: clausal complement

A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause which is a core argument. That is, it functions like an object of the verb, or adjective.

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
He says that you like to swim
ccomp(says, like)
mark(like, that)
{
    "text": "He says that you like to swim ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 22, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 25, 29 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "mark", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
He says you like to swim
ccomp(says, like)
{
    "text": "He says you like to swim ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 12, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 24 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

Such clausal complements may be finite or nonfinite. However, if the subject of the clausal complement is controlled (that is, must be the same as the higher subject or object, with no other possible interpretation) the appropriate relation is xcomp.

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
The boss said to start digging
ccomp(said, start)
mark(start, to)
{
    "text": "The boss said to start digging ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 14, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 30 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "mark", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
We started digging
xcomp(started, digging)
{
    "text": "We started digging ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 18 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "xcomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

The key difference here is that, while it is possible to interpret the first sentence to mean that the boss will not be doing any digging, in the second sentence it is clear that the subject of digging can only be we. This is what distinguishes ccomp and xcomp.

Adjectives may also license ccomp:

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
I was afraid/ADJ that this would happen
ccomp(afraid, happen)
{
    "text": "I was afraid that this would happen ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T3", "ADJ", [ [ 6, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T7", "token", [ [ 29, 35 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T7" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ]
}

Reported Speech

With a speech verb like say, the content of reported speech is considered to be part of the verb’s valency. It therefore attaches as ccomp—not only when integrated within the clause as an indirect quotation (said that…), but also when set off as a direct quotation, even with inverted order:

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
He said that he knew the muffin man .
ccomp(said, knew)
{
    "text": "He said that he knew the muffin man . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T5", "token", [ [ 16, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T6", "token", [ [ 21, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T7", "token", [ [ 25, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T8", "token", [ [ 32, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T9", "token", [ [ 36, 37 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
I asked : " Do you know the muffin man ? "
ccomp(asked, know)
{
    "text": "I asked : \" Do you know the muffin man ? \" ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-7-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T4", "token", [ [ 10, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T5", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T6", "token", [ [ 15, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T7", "token", [ [ 19, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T8", "token", [ [ 24, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T9", "token", [ [ 28, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T10", "token", [ [ 35, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T11", "token", [ [ 39, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T12", "token", [ [ 41, 42 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-7-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T7" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "7" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
" Do you know the muffin man ? " I asked .
ccomp(asked, know)
{
    "text": "\" Do you know the muffin man ? \" I asked . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-8-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T3", "token", [ [ 5, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T4", "token", [ [ 9, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T5", "token", [ [ 14, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T6", "token", [ [ 18, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T7", "token", [ [ 25, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T8", "token", [ [ 29, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T9", "token", [ [ 31, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T10", "token", [ [ 33, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T11", "token", [ [ 35, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T12", "token", [ [ 41, 42 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-8-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "8" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
" I had hoped to remain anonymous , " said the muffin man , who was tracked down Sunday at his home on Drury Lane .
ccomp(said, hoped)
nsubj(said, man)
{
    "text": "\" I had hoped to remain anonymous , \" said the muffin man , who was tracked down Sunday at his home on Drury Lane . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-9-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T3", "token", [ [ 4, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T4", "token", [ [ 8, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T5", "token", [ [ 14, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T6", "token", [ [ 17, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T7", "token", [ [ 24, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T9", "token", [ [ 36, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T10", "token", [ [ 38, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T11", "token", [ [ 43, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T12", "token", [ [ 47, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T13", "token", [ [ 54, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T14", "token", [ [ 58, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T15", "token", [ [ 60, 63 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T16", "token", [ [ 64, 67 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T17", "token", [ [ 68, 75 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T18", "token", [ [ 76, 80 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T19", "token", [ [ 81, 87 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T20", "token", [ [ 88, 90 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T21", "token", [ [ 91, 94 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T22", "token", [ [ 95, 99 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T23", "token", [ [ 100, 102 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T24", "token", [ [ 103, 108 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T25", "token", [ [ 109, 113 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T26", "token", [ [ 114, 115 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-9-R1", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-9-T10" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-9-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-9-T10" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-9-T13" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "9" ]
}

Quoted content is considered to be ccomp even if it is a sentence fragment:

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
" Three/NUM muffins/NOUN , " he answered .
nummod(muffins, Three)
ccomp(answered, muffins)
{
    "text": "\" Three muffins , \" he answered . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-10-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T2", "NUM", [ [ 2, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T3", "NOUN", [ [ 8, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T7", "token", [ [ 23, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T8", "token", [ [ 32, 33 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-10-R1", "nummod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-10-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-10-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-R2", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-10-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-10-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "10" ]
}

If the speech verb interrupts the reported speech content, parataxis is used instead. The speech verb attaches to the root of the reported speech (all in the following example):

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
" Three muffins , " he answered , " are all that I need today . "
parataxis(all, answered)
nsubj(all, muffins)
{
    "text": "\" Three muffins , \" he answered , \" are all that I need today . \" ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-11-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T7", "token", [ [ 23, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T8", "token", [ [ 32, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T9", "token", [ [ 34, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T10", "token", [ [ 36, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T11", "token", [ [ 40, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T12", "token", [ [ 44, 48 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T13", "token", [ [ 49, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T14", "token", [ [ 51, 55 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T15", "token", [ [ 56, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T16", "token", [ [ 62, 63 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-T17", "token", [ [ 64, 65 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-11-R1", "parataxis", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-11-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-11-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-11-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-11-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-11-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "11" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
Weapons of mass destruction , the report explained , are designed to target civilian populations .
parataxis(designed, explained)
nsubj:pass(designed, Weapons)
{
    "text": "Weapons of mass destruction , the report explained , are designed to target civilian populations . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-12-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T2", "token", [ [ 8, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T5", "token", [ [ 28, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T6", "token", [ [ 30, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T7", "token", [ [ 34, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T8", "token", [ [ 41, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T9", "token", [ [ 51, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T10", "token", [ [ 53, 56 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T11", "token", [ [ 57, 65 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T12", "token", [ [ 66, 68 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T13", "token", [ [ 69, 75 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T14", "token", [ [ 76, 84 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T15", "token", [ [ 85, 96 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-T16", "token", [ [ 97, 98 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-12-R1", "parataxis", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-12-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-12-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-12-R2", "nsubj:pass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-12-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-12-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "12" ]
}

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
the impact that the group 's practices , law enforcement officials say , are having on the most vulnerable within the sect
acl:relcl(impact, having)
nsubj(having, practices)
parataxis(having, say)
{
    "text": "the impact that the group 's practices , law enforcement officials say , are having on the most vulnerable within the sect ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-13-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T5", "token", [ [ 20, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T6", "token", [ [ 26, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T7", "token", [ [ 29, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T8", "token", [ [ 39, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T9", "token", [ [ 41, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T10", "token", [ [ 45, 56 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T11", "token", [ [ 57, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T12", "token", [ [ 67, 70 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T13", "token", [ [ 71, 72 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T14", "token", [ [ 73, 76 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T15", "token", [ [ 77, 83 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T16", "token", [ [ 84, 86 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T17", "token", [ [ 87, 90 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T18", "token", [ [ 91, 95 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T19", "token", [ [ 96, 106 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T20", "token", [ [ 107, 113 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T21", "token", [ [ 114, 117 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-T22", "token", [ [ 118, 122 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-13-R1", "acl:relcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-13-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-13-T15" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-13-T15" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-13-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-13-R3", "parataxis", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-13-T15" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-13-T12" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "13" ]
}

Changed:

• In earlier versions of SD/USD, complement clauses with nouns like fact or report were also analyzed as ccomp. However, we now analyze them as acl. Hence, ccomp does not appear in nominals. This makes sense, since nominals normally do not take core arguments.
• The policy for copular constructions with a full clause as predicate has been changed to no longer use ccomp to nest the predicate clause under the copula.

---

ccomp in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [gub] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [ky] [ml] [no] [pa] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [uz] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]

© 2014–2024 Universal Dependencies contributors. Site powered by Annodoc and brat

.