ccomp: clausal complement
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause which is a core argument. That is, it functions like an object of the verb, or adjective.
# visual-style 2 5 ccomp color:blue
1 Փորձառութիւնը փորձառութիւն NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Translit=P’orjaṙowt’iwnë|LTranslit=p’orjaṙowt’iwn
2 հաստատեց հաստատել VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ Translit=hastatec’|LTranslit=hastatel
3 թէ թէ SCONJ _ _ 5 mark _ Translit=t’ē|LTranslit=t’ē
4 միշտ միշտ ADV _ _ 5 advmod:emph _ Translit=mišt|LTranslit=mišt
5 ոսկի ոսկի NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Coll 2 ccomp _ Translit=oski|LTranslit=oski
6 չէ եմ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ Translit=čē|LTranslit=em|SpaceAfter=No
7 ։ ։ PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Translit=.|LTranslit=.
# visual-style 2 6 ccomp color:blue
1 Կը կը AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind 2 aux _ Translit=Kë|LTranslit=kë
2 զգաս զգալ VERB _ Aspect=Prosp|Mood=Sub|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ Translit=zgas|LTranslit=zgal
3 որ որ SCONJ _ _ 6 mark _ Translit=or|LTranslit=or
4 մարդիկ մարդ NOUN _ Animacy=Hum|Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ Translit=mardik|LTranslit=mard
5 իրար իրար PRON _ Case=Acc|Number=Plur|PronType=Rcp 6 obj _ Translit=irar|LTranslit=irar
6 կապուած կապուիլ VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Mid 2 ccomp _ Translit=kapowaç|LTranslit=kapowil
7 են եմ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ Translit=en|LTranslit=em
Such clausal complements may be finite or nonfinite. However, if the subject of the clausal complement is controlled (that is, must be the same as the higher subject or object, with no other possible interpretation) the appropriate relation is xcomp.
# visual-style 4 6 ccomp color:blue
1 հոս հոս ADV _ Deixis=Prox|PronType=Dem 2 advmod _ Translit=hos|LTranslit=hos
2 ըլլալ ըլլալ VERB _ Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Mid 4 csubj _ Translit=ëllal|LTranslit=ëllal
3 կը կը AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind 4 aux _ Translit=kë|LTranslit=kë
4 նշանակէ նշանակել VERB _ Aspect=Prosp|Mood=Sub|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ Translit=nšanakē|LTranslit=nšanakel
5 մաս մաս NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 6 compound:lvc _ Translit=mas|LTranslit=mas
6 կազմել կազմել VERB _ Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 4 ccomp _ Translit=kazmel|LTranslit=kazmel
7 քու քու DET _ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 det:poss _ Translit=k’ow|LTranslit=k’ow
8 միջավայրիդ միջավայր NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2 6 obj _ Translit=miǰavayrid|LTranslit=miǰavayr
# visual-style 3 5 ccomp color:blue
1 յիմարապահներուն յիմարապահ NOUN _ Animacy=Hum|Case=Dat|Definite=Def|Number=Plur 3 iobj _ Translit=yimarapahnerown|LTranslit=yimarapah
2 կը կը AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind 30 aux _ Translit=kë|LTranslit=kë
3 պատուիրէին պատուիրել VERB _ Aspect=Prosp|Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 25 conj _ Translit=patowirēin|LTranslit=patowirel
4 « « PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ Translit=«|LTranslit=«|SpaceAfter=No
5 սատկեցնել սատկեցնել VERB _ Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 3 xcomp _ Translit=satkec’nel|LTranslit=satkec’nel
6 այդ այդ DET _ Deixis=Med|PronType=Dem 7 det _ Translit=ayd|LTranslit=ayd
7 շուները շուն NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Plur 5 obj _ Translit=šownerë|LTranslit=šown|SpaceAfter=No
8 » » PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ Translit=»|LTranslit=»
The key difference here is that, while the subject of the infinitive կազմել/kazmel “to constitute, form part of” cannot be unambiguously identified with an argument of the higher predicate, in the second sentence the subject of սատկեցնել/satkecʼnel can only be յիմարապահներուն/yimarapahnerown. This is what distinguishes ccomp and xcomp.
Note that in constructions such as բանն այն է, որ…/bann ayn ē, or… “the fact is that…”, the complement clause introduced by որ/or is analyzed as acl rather than ccomp. More generally, ccomp is not used with nominal heads, since nominals do not normally take core arguments.
Reported Speech
With a speech verb like ասել/asel “say”, the content of reported speech is considered to be part of the verb’s valency. It therefore attaches as ccomp—not only when integrated within the clause as an indirect quotation (said that…), but also when set off as a direct quotation, even with inverted order:
# visual-style 8 4 ccomp color:blue
1 — — PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ Translit=—|LTranslit=—
2-3 Ի՞նչ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Translit=I?nč
2 Ինչ ինչ PRON _ Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 4 obj _ Translit=Inč|LTranslit=inč
3 ՞ ՞ PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Translit=?|LTranslit=?
4 ունիս ունիմ VERB _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 8 ccomp _ Translit=ownis|LTranslit=ownim
5 հոս հոս ADV _ Deixis=Prox|PronType=Dem 4 advmod _ Translit=hos|LTranslit=hos|SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ Translit=,|LTranslit=,|SpaceAfter=No
7 — — PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ Translit=—|LTranslit=—
8 գոչեցի գոչել VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 0 root _ Translit=gočec’i|LTranslit=gočel
Quoted content is considered to be ccomp even if it is a sentence fragment:
# visual-style 5 2 ccomp color:blue
1 — — PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Translit=—|LTranslit=—
2 Կարգադրեցի կարգադրել VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 ccomp _ Translit=Kargadrec’i|LTranslit=kargadrel|SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ Translit=,|LTranslit=,|SpaceAfter=No
4 — — PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ Translit=—|LTranslit=—
5 պատասխանեց պատասխանել VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ Translit=patasxanec’|LTranslit=patasxanel|SpaceAfter=No
6 ։ ։ PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ Translit=.|LTranslit=.
If the speech verb interrupts the reported speech content, parataxis is used instead. The speech verb attaches to the root of the reported speech
# visual-style 2 4 parataxis color:blue
1 — — PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Translit=—|LTranslit=—
2 Չուշանայ ուշանալ VERB _ Aspect=Prosp|Mood=Sub|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Subcat=Intr|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 0 root _ Translit=Čowšanay|LTranslit=owšanal|SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ Translit=,|LTranslit=,
4 աւելցուց աւելցնել VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Tran|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 parataxis _ Translit=awelc’owc’|LTranslit=awelc’nel|SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ Translit=,|LTranslit=,
6 պարզապէս պարզապէս ADV _ _ 8 advmod:emph _ Translit=parzapēs|LTranslit=parzapēs
7 փոքր փոքր ADJ _ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ Translit=p’ok’r|LTranslit=p’ok’r
8 ուշացում ուշացում NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 2 conj _ Translit=owšac’owm|LTranslit=owšac’owm
9 մըն մը DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Translit=mën|LTranslit=më
10 է եմ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 cop _ Translit=ē|LTranslit=em|SpaceAfter=No
11 ։ ։ PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Translit=.|LTranslit=.
ccomp in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [gub] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [ky] [lt] [ml] [naq] [no] [oge] [pa] [pal] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [uz] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]