fixed: fixed multiword expression
The fixed relation is used for grammaticalised multiword expressions with no productive internal syntax. The expression’s external dependency relation and ExtPos feature are assigned to its first syntactic word; all remaining words attach directly to it with fixed. ExtPos records the category of the whole expression; individual words retain their own part-of-speech tags.
In se veddemmo in sciâ terrassa “we (will) see each other on the terrace”, in sce is a fixed prepositional expression. The article a belongs to terrassa, although it forms the multiword token sciâ with sce.
1 se se PRON _ _ 2 obj _ Gloss=each-other
2 veddemmo vedde VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=we-see
3 in in ADP _ ExtPos=ADP 6 case _ Gloss=on
4-5 sciâ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4 sce sce ADP _ _ 3 fixed _ _
5 a o DET _ _ 6 det _ Gloss=the
6 terrassa terrassa NOUN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=terrace
In ne veuggio a-o manco træ “I want least three of them”, both the article o and the noun manco belong to the fixed expression and attach directly to à.
1 ne ne PRON _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=of-them
2 veuggio voei VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=I-want
3-4 a-o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3 à à ADP _ ExtPos=ADV 6 advmod _ Gloss=at
4 o o DET _ _ 3 fixed _ _
5 manco manco NOUN _ _ 3 fixed _ Gloss=least
6 træ trei NUM _ _ 2 obj _ Gloss=three
Examples
The following list is non-exhaustive:
ExtPos |
Expressions |
|---|---|
ADP |
in sce, fin à, apreuvo à, davanti à, insemme à, derê à, vexin à, in mezo à, fin da, in ponto, contra de, in cangio de, pe mezo de, à peto de |
ADV |
a-o manco, in gio, e passa, ben ben, de ciù, de seguo, pe contra, de botto, pe de ciù, pe-o ciù, in de ciù, tutt’assemme |
AUX |
apreuvo à, derê à (progressive); in scî pissi de (“to be about to”) |
CCONJ |
ò sæ, ciufito che, ciutòsto che |
PRON |
ben ben (“much, many”) |
SCONJ |
tanto che, dæto che, dòppo che, intanto che, sciben che, comme se, con tutto che, avanti de, za che, primma che, avanti che, sensa che, primma de, tòsto che |
The category depends on the expression’s use. Apreuvo à and derê à take ExtPos=AUX in progressive constructions and ExtPos=ADP before nominal complements. In ean apreuvo à coxinâ “they were cooking”, both ean and apreuvo à attach to the infinitive with aux:
1 ean ëse AUX _ _ 4 aux _ Gloss=they-were
2 apreuvo apreuvo ADV _ ExtPos=AUX 4 aux _ Gloss=after
3 à à ADP _ _ 2 fixed _ Gloss=to
4 coxinâ coxinâ VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=cook
The prospective in scî pissi de “about to” has the same external relation. In eimo in scî pissi de partî “we were about to leave”, sce, i, pissi and de all attach to in with fixed, including the article inside scî:
1 eimo ëse AUX _ _ 7 aux _ Gloss=we-were
2 in in ADP _ ExtPos=AUX 7 aux _ Gloss=in
3-4 scî _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3 sce sce ADP _ _ 2 fixed _ Gloss=on
4 i o DET _ _ 2 fixed _ Gloss=the
5 pissi pisso NOUN _ _ 2 fixed _ Gloss=edges
6 de de ADP _ _ 2 fixed _ Gloss=of
7 partî partî VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=leave
Ben ben takes ExtPos=PRON when it heads a nominal expression, independently or with a de complement: in ben ben de çexe “many cherries”, çexe attaches to the first ben with nmod. By contrast, ben ben takes ExtPos=ADV when it modifies a verb, adjective or adverb.
Compositional uses
The same word sequence can be fixed in one context and compositional in another. In compositional uses, its words have separate syntactic roles and take ordinary dependency relations.
For instance, tanto che is fixed when it means “while”, as in mangio tanto che lezo “I eat while I read”:
1 mangio mangiâ VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=I-eat
2 tanto tanto ADV _ ExtPos=SCONJ 4 mark _ Gloss=while
3 che che SCONJ _ _ 2 fixed _ _
4 lezo leze VERB _ _ 1 advcl _ Gloss=I-read
In mangio mai tanto che vëgno grasso “I eat so much that I get fat”, by contrast, tanto expresses quantity and modifies mangio with advmod. The result clause introduced by che attaches to tanto with advcl.
1 mangio mangiâ VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=I-eat
2 mai mäi ADV _ _ 3 advmod _ Gloss=so
3 tanto tanto ADV _ _ 1 advmod _ Gloss=much
4 che che SCONJ _ _ 5 mark _ Gloss=that
5 vëgno vegnî VERB _ _ 3 advcl _ Gloss=I-get
6 grasso grasso ADJ _ _ 5 xcomp _ Gloss=fat
In ti viviæ de ciù “you will live longer”, de ciù forms a fixed adverbial:
1 Ti ti PRON _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=you
2 viviæ vive VERB _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=will-live
3 de de ADP _ ExtPos=ADV 2 advmod _ _
4 ciù ciù ADV _ _ 3 fixed _ Gloss=longer
By contrast, in e critiche de ciù governi “criticism from several governments”, de introduces the noun phrase and ciù “several” is a DET modifying governi with det:
1 e o DET _ _ 2 det _ Gloss=the
2 critiche critica NOUN _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=criticism
3 de de ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=from
4 ciù ciù DET _ _ 5 det _ Gloss=several
5 governi governo NOUN _ _ 2 nmod _ Gloss=governments
fixed in other languages: [axm] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [eu] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gsw] [hbo] [hy] [hyw] [id] [it] [ja] [ka] [ky] [lij] [lt] [naq] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [ruc] [sl] [sv] [tr] [u] [xcl]