PRON: pronoun
Definition
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
Pronouns under this definition function like nouns. Note that Western Armenian grammar traditionally extends the term pronoun to words that substitute for adjectives. Such words are not tagged PRON
under our universal scheme. They are tagged as determiners in order to ensure parallel annotation across languages.
For instance, աս/as “it, this” is traditionally treated as a pronoun in Western Armenian grammar, regardless of context (for determiners, some Western Armenian grammars use terms such as attributive pronouns or pronominal adjectives). To ensure parallel annotation across languages, it is tagged PRON in Աս ասանկ չ՚ըլլար/As asank č՚ëllar “This won’t do”, and DET in Աս գուրպը մեծ պատմութիւն ունի/As gowrpë meç patmowt’iwn owni “This curve has a great history”.
Note that unlike traditional Western Armenian grammar, UD does not treat possessive pronouns as a separate subclass. Independent possessive forms (e.g. իմս/ims “mine”, քուկդ/k’owkd “yours”, անորը/anorë “his/hers/its”, մերը/merë “ours”, ձերը/jerë “yours”, անոնցը/anonc’ë “theirs”), which usually occur as independent nominals, are annotated as personal pronouns, with their possessive meaning encoded by the feature Poss=Yes.
Examples
- personal pronouns: ես/es “I”, դուն/down “you”, ան/an “he/she/it”, մենք/menk’ “we”, դուք/dowk’ “you”, անոնք/anonk’ “they”
- demonstrative pronouns: ասիկա/asika (այս/ays, սա/sa, աս/as) “this”, ատիկա/atika (այդ/ayd, ատ/at) “that”, անիկա/anika (այն/ayn, ան/an) “that”, ասոնք/asonk’ “these”, ատոնք/atonk’ “those”, անոնք/anonk’ “those”
- reciprocal pronouns: մէկզմէկ/mēkzmēk “one another”, իրար/irar “one another, each other”
- interrogative pronouns: ո՞վ/ov “who”, ի՞նչ/inč “what”
- relative pronouns: ով/ov “who”, ինչ/inč “what”, որ/or “that, which”
- indefinite pronouns: մեկը/mekë “one, someone”, ոմանք/omank’ “some people”, ուրիշը/owrišë “another one”
- emphatic pronouns: ինք/ink’ “(he) himself/(she) herself/(it) itself” , ինքզինք/ink’zink’ “(he) himself/(she) herself/(it) itself”
- total pronouns: ամէնը/amēnë “all (of things)”, ամէնքը/amēnk’ë “all (of people)”, ամէն մէկը/amēn mēkë “everyone”, ամէն ոք/amēn ok’ “every person”, ամէն ինչ/amēn inč “everything”, բոլորը/bolorë “all (of people)”, իւրաքանչիւրը/iwrak’ančiwrë “each one”, իւրաքանչիւր ոք/iwrak’ančiwr ok’ “each person”, ողջը/oġǰë “the whole”, ամբողջը/amboġǰë “the whole”
- negative pronouns: ոչ ոք/oč ok’ “nobody”, ոչինչ/očinč “nothing”, ոչ մէկը/oč mēkë “no one”
PRON in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [grc] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [naq] [nci] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sla] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]