PRON: pronoun
Definition
Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
Pronouns under this definition function like nouns. Note that Armenian grammar traditionally extends the term pronoun to words that substitute for adjectives. Such words are not tagged PRON
under our universal scheme. They are tagged as determiners in order to ensure parallel annotation across languages.
For instance, այդ/ayd “that” is traditionally called a pronoun in Armenian grammar, regardless of context (for determiners, some Armenian grammars use terms such as attributive pronouns or pronominal adjectives). To ensure parallel annotation across languages, it is tagged PRON in Այդ քո՞ մեքենան է։/ayd k’o mek’enan ē “Is that your car?” and DET in Ես այդ մեքենան երեկ եմ տեսել։/es ayd mek’enan erek em tesel “I saw that car yesterday.”
Note that Armenian does not distinguish possessive pronouns as a separate subclass. Independent possessive forms (e.g. իմը/imë “mine”, քոնը/k’onë “yours”, նրանը/nranë “his/hers/its”, մերը/merë “ours”, ձերը/jerë “yours”, նրանցը/nranc’ë “theirs”) are annotated as personal pronouns, with their possessive meaning expressed by the feature Poss=Yes.
Examples
- personal pronouns: ես/es “I”, դու/dow “you”, նա/na “he/she/it”, մենք/menk’ “we”, դուք/dowk’ “you”, նրանք/nrank’ “they”
- demonstrative pronouns: սա/sa “this”, դա/da “that”, նա/na “that”
- reciprocal pronouns: մեկմեկու (մեկմեկի)/mekmekow (mekmeki) “one another”, միմյանց/mimyanc’ “each other”, իրար/irar “one another, each other”
- interrogative pronouns: ո՞վ/ov “who”, ի՞նչ/inč “what” as in Ի՞նչ ես կարծում։/Inč es karçowm. “What do you think?”
- relative pronouns: ով/ov “who”, որ/or “that, which”, ինչ/inč “what” as in Արա, ինչ ուզում ես։/Ara, inč owzowm es “Do whatever you want.”
- indefinite pronouns: մի քանիսը/mi k’anisë “several people/things”, մեկը/mekë “one, someone”, մեկնումեկը/meknowmekë “anyone”, ոմանք/omank’ “some people”, ուրիշը/owrišë “another one”
- emphatic pronouns (when used with or related to the corresponding personal pronouns or nouns): ինքը/ink’ë “(he) himself/(she) herself/(it) itself”, իրենք/irenk’ “(they) themselves”
- total pronouns: ամենը/amenë “all (of things)”, ամենքը/amenk’ë “all (of people)”, ամեն մեկը/amen mekë “everyone”, ամեն ոք/amen ok’ “every person”, ամեն ինչ/amen inč “everything”, բոլորը/bolorë “all (of people)”, յուրաքանչյուրը/yowrak’ančyowrë “each one”, յուրաքանչյուր ոք/yowrak’ančyowr ok’ “each person”, ողջը/oġǰë “the whole”, ամբողջը/amboġǰë “the whole”
- negative pronouns: ոչ ոք/oč ok’ “nobody”, ոչինչ/očinč “nothing”, ոչ մեկը/oč mekë “no one”
PRON in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [grc] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [naq] [nci] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sla] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]