VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
Even though the name of the feature seems to suggest that it is used
exclusively with verbs, it is not the case.
The Part value can be used also with adjectives.
It distinguishes participles from other verb forms,
and participial adjectives from other adjectives.
Fin: finite verb
Rule of thumb: if it has non-empty Mood, it is finite. In Russian this applies to indicative and imperative forms, and to the special conditional forms of the auxiliary verb быть.
Examples
- несу, несёшь, несёт, несём, несёте, несут “I carry, you carry, he/she/it carries, we carry, you carry, they carry”
- неси, несите “carry” (imperative in different persons and numbers)
- буду, будешь, будет, будем, будете, будут “I will be, you will be, he/she/it will be, we will be, you will be, they will be”
- будь, будьте “be” (imperative in different persons and numbers)
Inf: infinitive
Infinitive is the citation form of verbs. It is also used with the auxiliary быть to form periphrastic future tense, and it appears as the argument of modal and other verbs.
Examples
- нести “to carry”
- быть “to be”
Part: participle
Participle is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adjectives. Russian has two types of participles:
- The active past participle is used to form the active voice.
- The passive participle is used to form the passive voice.
Participles inflect for Gender and Number but not for Person.
Examples
- пишущий, пишущая, пишущее, пишущие “writing”
- писаный, писаная, писаное, писаные “carried”
Trans: transgressive
The transgressive, also called adverbial participle, is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adverbs.
Imperfective verbs form present transgressive, meaning “while doing”.
Perfective verbs form past transgressive, meaning “having done”.
Examples
- _неся;“carrying”)
-
принеся “having brought”
- они смотреля на меня держа ружья; “they stared at me while gripping their guns”
- приготовив обед, она позвала семью к столу; “having prepared the dinner, she called her family to the table”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 4 different values: Fin, Inf, Part, Trans.
9295 tokens (9%) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
4837 types (16%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
2105 lemmas (11%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (8675; 9% instances), ru-pos/AUX (620; 1% instances).
VERB
8675 ru-pos/VERB tokens (99% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and VerbForm co-occurred: Variant=EMPTY (7728; 89%), Case=EMPTY (6609; 76%), Voice=EMPTY (6609; 76%), Animacy=EMPTY (6609; 76%), Person=EMPTY (6535; 75%), Number=Sing (5569; 64%), Mood=Ind (5437; 63%), Tense=Past (4992; 58%), Gender=EMPTY (4665; 54%), Aspect=Imp (4563; 53%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Fin(5471; 63% of non-emptyVerbForm): был, является, было, стал, составляет, были, может, находится, входит, получилInf(838; 10% of non-emptyVerbForm): быть, заниматься, играть, сделать, использовать, работать, стать, найти, считать, приниматьPart(2066; 24% of non-emptyVerbForm): назначен, расположен, основана, основан, расположена, награждён, создана, расположено, расположены, названTrans(300; 3% of non-emptyVerbForm): включая, начиная, используя, говоря, став, выйдя, имея, считая, чувствуя, выигравEMPTY(105): можно, нет, надо, нужно, необходимо, известно, трудно, возможно, достаточно, интересно
| Paradigm БЫТЬ | Fin | Inf | Part | Trans |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бывшие | |||
| быть | будучи | |||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | был | |||
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | была | |||
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | было | |||
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2 | Будь | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | будет | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres | есть, е. | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres | есть | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | были |
AUX
620 ru-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and VerbForm co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (619; 100%), Mood=Ind (577; 93%), Tense=Past (543; 88%), Number=Sing (470; 76%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Fin(577; 93% of non-emptyVerbForm): был, была, было, были, будет, будут, Don, Has, est, reInf(31; 5% of non-emptyVerbForm): быть, BePart(2; 0% of non-emptyVerbForm): бывшего, бывшимTrans(10; 2% of non-emptyVerbForm): будучи
| Paradigm БЫТЬ | Fin | Inf | Part | Trans |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бывшего | |||
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бывшим | |||
| быть | будучи | |||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | был | |||
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | была | |||
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | было | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut | будет | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut | будут | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | были |
Relations with Agreement in VerbForm
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in VerbForm:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (741; 85%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (221; 76%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (122; 64%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (13; 59%),
VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (4; 57%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (4; 80%),
VERB –[remnant]–> VERB (3; 100%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (2; 67%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 4 different values: Fin, Inf, Part, Trans.
128462 tokens (12%) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
33415 types (29%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
6036 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (120446; 11% instances), ru-pos/AUX (8016; 1% instances).
VERB
120446 ru-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and VerbForm co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (107866; 90%), Gender=EMPTY (83721; 70%), Voice=Act (83351; 69%), Person=EMPTY (81573; 68%), Mood=Ind (75091; 62%), Aspect=Imp (68093; 57%), Number=Sing (61627; 51%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Fin(76080; 63% of non-emptyVerbForm): может, есть, нет, могут, было, является, стал, сказал, говорит, сталоInf(22500; 19% of non-emptyVerbForm): быть, сделать, сказать, делать, получить, говорить, работать, стать, иметь, житьPart(17912; 15% of non-emptyVerbForm): связано, связаны, сделано, окружающей, принято, связана, связанных, связан, сказано, называемыеTrans(3954; 3% of non-emptyVerbForm): говоря, начиная, судя, учитывая, исходя, имея, используя, глядя, выступая, знаяEMPTY(24): не
| Paradigm быть | Fin | Inf | Part | Trans |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| быть | ||||
| Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бывшую | |||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | был | |||
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | была | |||
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | было | |||
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Voice=Act | будь | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | есть, будет | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будем, есть | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | есть, будут | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | были | |||
| Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будучи |
AUX
8016 ru-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of VerbForm.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and VerbForm co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (8016; 100%), Voice=Act (7306; 91%), Mood=Ind (7230; 90%), Person=EMPTY (5979; 75%), Number=Sing (5407; 67%), Tense=Past (5224; 65%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of VerbForm:
Fin(7256; 91% of non-emptyVerbForm): было, был, были, будет, была, будут, есть, будем, буду, будьInf(710; 9% of non-emptyVerbForm): бытьPart(5; 0% of non-emptyVerbForm): бывшие, бывший, бывшемTrans(45; 1% of non-emptyVerbForm): будучи
| Paradigm быть | Fin | Inf | Part | Trans |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| быть | ||||
| Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бывшем | |||
| Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бывший | |||
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | бывшие | |||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | был | |||
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | была | |||
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | было | |||
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Voice=Act | будь | |||
| Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|Voice=Act | будьте | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | буду, есть | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будешь, есть | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будет, есть | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будем | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будете, есть | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будут, есть, суть | |||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Voice=Act | были | |||
| Tense=Pres|Voice=Act | будучи |
Relations with Agreement in VerbForm
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in VerbForm:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (13833; 93%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (3257; 81%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (581; 64%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (151; 64%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (123; 68%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (29; 100%),
VERB –[name]–> VERB (2; 100%),
VERB –[amod]–> VERB (2; 100%),
VERB –[nmod:agent]–> VERB (1; 100%).
VerbForm in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]